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% @@psencodingfile@{
% author = "S. Rahtz, P. MacKay, Alan Jeffrey, B. Horn, K. Berry",
% version = "0.6",
% date = "1 July 1998",
% filename = "8r.enc",
% email = "tex-fonts@@tug.org",
% docstring = "Encoding for TrueType or Type 1 fonts
% to be used with TeX."
% @}
%
% Idea is to have all the characters normally included in Type 1 fonts
% available for typesetting. This is effectively the characters in Adobe
% Standard Encoding + ISO Latin 1 + extra characters from Lucida.
%
% Character code assignments were made as follows:
%
% (1) the Windows ANSI characters are almost all in their Windows ANSI
% positions, because some Windows users cannot easily reencode the
% fonts, and it makes no difference on other systems. The only Windows
% ANSI characters not available are those that make no sense for
% typesetting -- rubout (127 decimal), nobreakspace (160), softhyphen
% (173). quotesingle and grave are moved just because it's such an
% irritation not having them in TeX positions.
%
% (2) Remaining characters are assigned arbitrarily to the lower part
% of the range, avoiding 0, 10 and 13 in case we meet dumb software.
%
% (3) Y&Y Lucida Bright includes some extra text characters; in the
% hopes that other PostScript fonts, perhaps created for public
% consumption, will include them, they are included starting at 0x12.
%
% (4) Remaining positions left undefined are for use in (hopefully)
% upward-compatible revisions, if someday more characters are generally
% available.
%
% (5) hyphen appears twice for compatibility with both
% ASCII and Windows.
%
/TeXBase1Encoding [
% 0x00 (encoded characters from Adobe Standard not in Windows 3.1)
/.notdef /dotaccent /fi /fl
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/ogonek /ring /.notdef
/breve /minus /.notdef
% These are the only two remaining unencoded characters, so may as
% well include them.
/Zcaron /zcaron
% 0x10
/caron /dotlessi
% (unusual TeX characters available in, e.g., Lucida Bright)
/dotlessj /ff /ffi /ffl
/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef
/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef
% very contentious; it's so painful not having quoteleft and quoteright
% at 96 and 145 that we move the things normally found there to here.
/grave /quotesingle
% 0x20 (ASCII begins)
/space /exclam /quotedbl /numbersign
/dollar /percent /ampersand /quoteright
/parenleft /parenright /asterisk /plus /comma /hyphen /period /slash
% 0x30
/zero /one /two /three /four /five /six /seven
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% 0x40
/at /A /B /C /D /E /F /G /H /I /J /K /L /M /N /O
% 0x50
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% 0x70
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/x /y /z /braceleft /bar /braceright /asciitilde
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% 0x80
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/quotedblbase /ellipsis /dagger /daggerdbl
/circumflex /perthousand /Scaron /guilsinglleft
/OE /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef
% 0x90
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% 0xA0
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% 0xD0
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/Igrave /Iacute /Icircumflex /Idieresis
% 0xD0
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% 0xE0
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/egrave /eacute /ecircumflex /edieresis
/igrave /iacute /icircumflex /idieresis
% 0xF0
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%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:46:24
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
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/PaintType 0 def
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dup 35 /numbersign put
dup 36 /dollar put
dup 39 /quoteright put
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dup 42 /asterisk put
dup 44 /comma put
dup 45 /hyphen put
dup 46 /period put
dup 47 /slash put
dup 48 /zero put
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dup 69 /E put
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dup 83 /S put
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dup 88 /X put
dup 89 /Y put
dup 91 /bracketleft put
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dup 95 /underscore put
dup 96 /quoteleft put
dup 97 /a put
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dup 101 /e put
dup 102 /f put
dup 103 /g put
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dup 110 /n put
dup 111 /o put
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dup 118 /v put
dup 119 /w put
dup 120 /x put
dup 121 /y put
dup 122 /z put
dup 123 /braceleft put
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cleartomark
%%EndFont
%%BeginFont: CMR6
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR6 1.0
%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:39:02
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.0) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMR6) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /CMR6 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 49 /one put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-20 -250 1193 750}readonly def
/UniqueXX 5000789 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndFont
%%BeginFont: CMTI9
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMTI9 1.0
%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 18 21:08:07
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.0) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMTI9) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle -14.04 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /CMTI9 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 11 /ff put
dup 12 /fi put
dup 39 /quoteright put
dup 40 /parenleft put
dup 41 /parenright put
dup 44 /comma put
dup 45 /hyphen put
dup 46 /period put
dup 49 /one put
dup 50 /two put
dup 54 /six put
dup 55 /seven put
dup 57 /nine put
dup 58 /colon put
dup 65 /A put
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dup 68 /D put
dup 69 /E put
dup 70 /F put
dup 71 /G put
dup 72 /H put
dup 73 /I put
dup 74 /J put
dup 76 /L put
dup 77 /M put
dup 78 /N put
dup 80 /P put
dup 82 /R put
dup 83 /S put
dup 84 /T put
dup 85 /U put
dup 97 /a put
dup 98 /b put
dup 99 /c put
dup 100 /d put
dup 101 /e put
dup 102 /f put
dup 103 /g put
dup 104 /h put
dup 105 /i put
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dup 109 /m put
dup 110 /n put
dup 111 /o put
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dup 114 /r put
dup 115 /s put
dup 116 /t put
dup 117 /u put
dup 118 /v put
dup 119 /w put
dup 120 /x put
dup 121 /y put
dup 122 /z put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-35 -250 1148 750}readonly def
/UniqueXX 5000827 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndFont
%%BeginFont: CMSY9
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMSY9 1.0
%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 15 07:22:27
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.0) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMSY9) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle -14.035 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /CMSY9 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 2 /multiply put
dup 30 /precedes put
dup 31 /follows put
dup 102 /braceleft put
dup 103 /braceright put
dup 112 /radical put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-30 -958 1146 777}readonly def
/UniqueXX 5000819 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndFont
%%BeginFont: CMBX9
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMBX9 1.0
%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:36:25
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.0) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMBX9) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Bold) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /CMBX9 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 40 /parenleft put
dup 41 /parenright put
dup 44 /comma put
dup 45 /hyphen put
dup 46 /period put
dup 48 /zero put
dup 49 /one put
dup 50 /two put
dup 51 /three put
dup 52 /four put
dup 53 /five put
dup 54 /six put
dup 55 /seven put
dup 56 /eight put
dup 57 /nine put
dup 58 /colon put
dup 65 /A put
dup 66 /B put
dup 67 /C put
dup 68 /D put
dup 69 /E put
dup 70 /F put
dup 72 /H put
dup 73 /I put
dup 76 /L put
dup 77 /M put
dup 79 /O put
dup 80 /P put
dup 83 /S put
dup 84 /T put
dup 85 /U put
dup 86 /V put
dup 87 /W put
dup 88 /X put
dup 91 /bracketleft put
dup 93 /bracketright put
dup 97 /a put
dup 98 /b put
dup 99 /c put
dup 100 /d put
dup 101 /e put
dup 102 /f put
dup 103 /g put
dup 104 /h put
dup 105 /i put
dup 106 /j put
dup 107 /k put
dup 108 /l put
dup 109 /m put
dup 110 /n put
dup 111 /o put
dup 112 /p put
dup 113 /q put
dup 114 /r put
dup 115 /s put
dup 116 /t put
dup 117 /u put
dup 118 /v put
dup 119 /w put
dup 120 /x put
dup 121 /y put
dup 122 /z put
readonly def
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currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndFont
%%BeginFont: CMR9
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR9 1.0
%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:39:59
% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved.
11 dict begin
/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin
/version (1.0) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def
/FullName (CMR9) readonly def
/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
/Weight (Medium) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
end readonly def
/FontName /CMR9 def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 11 /ff put
dup 12 /fi put
dup 13 /fl put
dup 14 /ffi put
dup 19 /acute put
dup 33 /exclam put
dup 36 /dollar put
dup 38 /ampersand put
dup 39 /quoteright put
dup 40 /parenleft put
dup 41 /parenright put
dup 44 /comma put
dup 45 /hyphen put
dup 46 /period put
dup 47 /slash put
dup 48 /zero put
dup 49 /one put
dup 50 /two put
dup 51 /three put
dup 52 /four put
dup 53 /five put
dup 54 /six put
dup 55 /seven put
dup 56 /eight put
dup 57 /nine put
dup 58 /colon put
dup 59 /semicolon put
dup 61 /equal put
dup 63 /question put
dup 65 /A put
dup 66 /B put
dup 67 /C put
dup 68 /D put
dup 69 /E put
dup 70 /F put
dup 71 /G put
dup 72 /H put
dup 73 /I put
dup 74 /J put
dup 75 /K put
dup 76 /L put
dup 77 /M put
dup 78 /N put
dup 79 /O put
dup 80 /P put
dup 81 /Q put
dup 82 /R put
dup 83 /S put
dup 84 /T put
dup 85 /U put
dup 86 /V put
dup 87 /W put
dup 88 /X put
dup 89 /Y put
dup 91 /bracketleft put
dup 93 /bracketright put
dup 96 /quoteleft put
dup 97 /a put
dup 98 /b put
dup 99 /c put
dup 100 /d put
dup 101 /e put
dup 102 /f put
dup 103 /g put
dup 104 /h put
dup 105 /i put
dup 106 /j put
dup 107 /k put
dup 108 /l put
dup 109 /m put
dup 110 /n put
dup 111 /o put
dup 112 /p put
dup 113 /q put
dup 114 /r put
dup 115 /s put
dup 116 /t put
dup 117 /u put
dup 118 /v put
dup 119 /w put
dup 120 /x put
dup 121 /y put
dup 122 /z put
dup 123 /endash put
dup 124 /emdash put
dup 126 /tilde put
readonly def
/FontBBox{-39 -250 1036 750}readonly def
/UniqueXX 5000792 def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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(mixed-initiativ) n(e) c(con) n(v) n(ersation.) p Fh
-152 2935 a(once) f(pro) r(cessing) g(of) g(the) f(unsolicited) h(resp)
r(onse) g(is) f(completed.) 34 b(In) -152 3022 y(other) e
(applications,) j(an) c(unsolicited) h(resp) r(onse) h(migh) n(t) e
(shift) h(the) -152 3109 y(con) n(trol) 25 b(to) f(a) h(new) f(in) n
(teraction) h(sequence) f(and/or) g(ab) r(ort) h(the) e(cur-) -152
3196 y(ren) n(t) j(in) n(teraction.) -77 3284 y(Another) j(lev) n(el) g
(of) h(mixed-initiativ) n(e) f(in) n(v) n(olv) n(es) p
Fd 30 w(sub) l(dialo) l(g) i(invo-) -152 3371 y(c) l(ation) p
Fh(;) 39 b(for) c(instance,) h(the) d(computer) h(system) f(migh) n(t) h
(not) f(ha) n(v) n(e) -152 3458 y(understo) r(o) r(d) e(the) g(user's) g
(resp) r(onse) h(and) e(could) h(ask) g(for) h(clari\014ca-) -152
3545 y(tions) g(\(whic) n(h) f(amoun) n(ts) g(to) h(it) f(ha) n(ving) g
(the) g(initiativ) n(e\).) 52 b(A) 30 b(\014nal,) -152
3632 y(sophisticated,) e(form) f(of) g(mixed-initiativ) n(e) f(is) h
(one) g(where) f(partici-) -152 3720 y(pan) n(ts) j(negotiate) i(with) e
(eac) n(h) h(other) f(to) g(determine) g(initiativ) n(e) h(\(as) -152
3807 y(opp) r(osed) h(to) g(merely) f(`taking) h(the) g(initiativ) n
(e'\)) g([3].) 50 b(An) 30 b(example) -152 3894 y(is) d(giv) n(en) e
(in) h(Fig.) g(3.) -77 3981 y(In) 33 b(addition) h(to) g(mo) r(dels) h
(that) e(c) n(haracterize) i(initiativ) n(e,) i(there) -152
4068 y(are) d(mo) r(dels) g(for) f(designing) h(dialog-based) g(in) n
(teraction) g(systems.) -152 4155 y(Allen) e(et) f(al.) i([2]) f(pro) n
(vide) f(a) h(taxonom) n(y) f(of) i(suc) n(h) e(soft) n(w) n(are) i(mo)
r(d-) -152 4243 y(els) 22 b(|) f(\014nite-state) g(mac) n(hines,) i
(slot-and-\014ller) f(structures,) g(frame-) -152 4330
y(based) 39 b(metho) r(ds,) k(and) c(more) g(sophisticated) h(mo) r
(dels) g(in) n(v) n(olving) -152 4417 y(planning,) 25
b(agen) n(t-based) e(programming,) j(and) d(exploiting) i(con) n(tex-)
-152 4504 y(tual) i(information.) 38 b(While) 27 b(mixed-initiativ) n
(e) f(in) n(teraction) h(can) g(b) r(e) -152 4591 y(studied) 22
b(in) f(an) n(y) g(of) i(these) e(mo) r(dels,) j(it) e(is) g(b) r(ey) n
(ond) f(the) g(scop) r(e) h(of) h(this) -152 4678 y(pap) r(er) j(to) g
(address) g(all) h(or) f(ev) n(en) f(a) h(ma) t(jorit) n(y) g(of) h
(them.) -77 4766 y(Instead,) 33 b(w) n(e) f(concen) n(trate) g(on) g
(the) f(view) h(of) h(\(i\)) e(a) h(dialog) h(as) f(a) -152
4853 y(task-orien) n(ted) d(information) h(assessmen) n(t) f(activit) n
(y) g(requiring) f(the) -152 4940 y(\014lling) h(of) f(a) g(set) g(of) g
(slots,) i(\(ii\)) d(where) h(one) g(of) h(the) e(participan) n(ts) h
(in) -152 5027 y(the) g(dialog) h(is) f(a) g(computer) g(system) g(and)
f(the) h(other) g(is) g(a) g(h) n(uman,) -152 5114 y(and) 33
b(\(iii\)) h(where) g(mixed-initiativ) n(e) f(arises) i(from) f
(unsolicited) g(re-) -152 5201 y(p) r(orting) 28 b(\(b) n(y) f(the) g
(h) n(uman\),) g(in) n(v) n(olving) h(out-of-turn) f(in) n(teractions.)
-152 5289 y(This) 33 b(c) n(haracterization) g(includes) f(man) n(y) f
(v) n(oice-based) g(in) n(terfaces) -152 5376 y(to) 39
b(information) h(\(our) e(pizza) h(ordering) g(dialog) h(is) e(an) h
(example\)) -152 5463 y(and) 33 b(w) n(eb) g(sites) h(mo) r(deling) h
(in) n(teraction) e(b) n(y) g(h) n(yp) r(erlinks) f([15].) 58
b(In) -152 5550 y(Section) 32 b(2,) h(w) n(e) e(sho) n(w) h(that) f
(partial) h(ev) l(aluation) f(can) g(b) r(e) g(usefully) -152
5637 y(view) n(ed) 26 b(as) f(a) h(programming) g(mo) r(del) g(for) g
(suc) n(h) f(applications.) 35 b(Sec-) 2040 2935 y(tion) 28
b(3) h(presen) n(ts) f(three) g(di\013eren) n(t) f(v) n(oice-based) i
(in) n(teraction) f(tec) n(h-) 2040 3022 y(nologies) e(and) e(analyzes)
h(them) f(in) g(terms) h(of) g(their) f(nativ) n(e) g(supp) r(ort) 2040
3109 y(for) 19 b(mixing) f(initiativ) n(e.) 33 b(Finally) -6
b(,) 20 b(Section) e(4) g(discusses) h(other) f(facets) 2040
3196 y(of) 33 b(mixed-initiativ) n(e) g(and) f(men) n(tions) g(other) h
(soft) n(w) n(are) h(mo) r(dels) f(to) 2040 3284 y(whic) n(h) 26
b(our) g(approac) n(h) f(can) h(b) r(e) g(extended.) p
Fi 2040 3491 a(2.) 99 b(PR) m(OGRAMMING) 13 b(A) i(MIXED\255INITIA) -9
b(TIVE) 2214 3607 y(APPLICA) g(TION) p Fh 2115 3697 a(Before) 37
b(w) n(e) f(outline) h(the) e(design) h(of) h(a) f(system) g(suc) n(h) f
(as) i(Jo) r(e's) 2040 3784 y(Pizza) 32 b(\(ref.) 50
b(Figs.) 32 b(1) f(and) f(2\),) j(w) n(e) e(in) n(tro) r(duce) f(a) h
(notation) h([7,) h(11]) 2040 3871 y(that) i(captures) g(basic) h
(elemen) n(ts) g(of) g(initiativ) n(e) g(and) f(resp) r(onse) h(in) 2040
3958 y(an) d(in) n(teraction) h(sequence.) 56 b(The) 33
b(notation) h(expresses) f(the) g(lo) r(cal) 2040 4045
y(organization) 23 b(of) f(a) f(dialog) i([14]) f(as) g(adjacency) f
(pairs;) j(for) e(instance,) 2040 4133 y(the) j(dialog) j(in) d(Fig.) i
(1) f(is) g(represen) n(ted) f(as:) 2040 4290 y(\(Ic) g(Rs\)) h(\(Is) f
(Rc\)) g(\(Is) h(Rc\)) f(\(Is) g(Rc\)) g(\(Is) h(Rc\)) 2066
4377 y(0) 79 b(1) 104 b(2) 76 b(3) 108 b(4) 75 b(5) 108
b(6) 76 b(7) 108 b(8) 76 b(9) 2040 4552 y(The) 23 b(line) f(n) n(um) n
(b) r(ers) g(giv) n(en) g(b) r(elo) n(w) h(the) f(in) n(teraction) h
(sequence) f(refer) 2040 4639 y(to) f(the) e(utterance) i(n) n(um) n(b)
r(ers) e(in) h(Fig.) i(1.) 33 b(The) 20 b(letter) h(I) f(denotes) g
(who) 2040 4726 y(has) 27 b(the) g(initiativ) n(e) h(|) f(caller) h
(\(c\)) f(or) g(the) g(system) g(\(s\)) g(|) g(and) g(the) 2040
4813 y(letter) c(R) f(denotes) h(who) g(pro) n(vides) f(the) g(resp) r
(onse.) 34 b(It) 22 b(is) h(easy) g(to) g(see) 2040 4900
y(from) 30 b(this) e(notation) i(that) e(the) g(dialog) j(in) d(Fig.) i
(1) f(consists) h(of) f(\014v) n(e) 2040 4987 y(turns) 22
b(and) g(that) g(the) h(system) f(has) h(the) f(initiativ) n(e) h(for) h
(the) e(last) h(four) 2040 5075 y(turns.) 45 b(The) 29
b(initial) i(turn) d(is) i(mo) r(deled) g(as) f(the) g(caller) i(ha) n
(ving) e(the) 2040 5162 y(initiativ) n(e) d(b) r(ecause) g(he) g(or) f
(she) h(c) n(hose) g(to) g(place) g(the) f(phone) g(call) i(in) 2040
5249 y(the) d(\014rst) g(place.) 35 b(The) 25 b(system) f(quic) n(kly) f
(tak) n(es) i(the) f(initiativ) n(e) h(after) 2040 5336
y(pla) n(ying) 33 b(a) f(greeting) i(to) e(the) g(caller) i(\(whic) n
(h) e(is) h(mo) r(deled) g(here) f(as) 2040 5423 y(the) f(resp) r(onse)
i(to) f(the) f(caller's) i(call\).) 54 b(The) 32 b(subsequen) n(t) e
(four) i(in-) 2040 5510 y(teractions) 27 b(then) e(address) h(three) f
(questions) h(and) f(a) h(con\014rmation,) 2040 5598
y(all) g(in) n(v) n(olving) e(the) g(system) h(retaining) g(the) f
(initiativ) n(e) i(\(Is\)) e(and) g(the) 2040 5685 y(caller) j(in) f
(the) f(resp) r(onding) h(mo) r(de) g(\(Rc\).) p 90 rotate
dyy eop
%%Page: 3 3
3 2 bop 396 159 3090 4 v 394 568 4 410 v Fh 440 267 a(\(with) 26
b(ap) r(ologies) i(to) e(O.) g(Henry\)) p Fg 440 354
a(Husband:) p Fh 25 w(Della,) h(Something) f(in) n(teresting) g(happ) r
(ened) f(to) r(da) n(y) g(that) h(I) f(w) n(an) n(t) h(to) f(tell) i(y)
n(ou.) p Fg 440 442 a(Wife:) p Fh 184 w(I) f(to) r(o) g(ha) n(v) n(e) f
(something) h(exciting) g(to) g(tell) g(y) n(ou,) g(Jim.) p
Fg 440 529 a(Husband:) p Fh 25 w(Do) g(y) n(ou) f(w) n(an) n(t) h(to) f
(go) i(\014rst) e(or) h(shall) h(I) e(tell) i(y) n(ou) e(m) n(y) g
(story?) p 3484 568 V 396 572 3090 4 v Fg 328 715 a(Figure) k(3:) 39
b(Example) 28 b(of) h(a) h(mixed-initiativ) n(e) c(con) n(v) n
(ersation) j(where) g(initiativ) n(e) f(is) h(negotiated.) p
396 824 V 394 1495 4 672 v Fh 440 933 a(0) p Fg 71 w(Caller:) p
Fe 66 w(\036) p Fh(calls) d(Jo) r(e's) i(Pizza) f(on) e(the) h(phone) p
Fe(\037) p Fh 440 1020 a(1) p Fg 71 w(System:) p Fh 20
w(Thank) f(y) n(ou) g(for) h(calling) i(Jo) r(e's) f(pizza) f(ordering)
h(system.) 440 1107 y(2) p Fg 71 w(System:) p Fh 20 w(What) e(size) h
(pizza) h(w) n(ould) f(y) n(ou) f(lik) n(e?) 440 1194
y(3) p Fg 71 w(Caller:) p Fh 66 w(I'd) g(lik) n(e) h(a) g(sausage) h
(pizza,) f(medium,) g(and) g(deep-dish.) 440 1281 y(4) p
Fg 71 w(System:) p Fh 20 w(So) f(that) h(is) g(a) g(medium) f(sausage) i
(pizza) g(with) f(deep-dish) e(crust.) 35 b(Is) 25 b(this) h(correct?)
440 1368 y(5) p Fg 71 w(Caller:) p Fh 66 w(Y) -6 b(es.) 440
1456 y(\(con) n(v) n(ersation) 27 b(con) n(tin) n(ues) e(to) h(get) g
(deliv) n(ery) f(and) g(pa) n(ymen) n(t) g(information\)) p
3484 1495 V 396 1499 3090 4 v Fg 402 1642 a(Figure) k(4:) 39
b(Example) 28 b(of) i(a) f(mixed-initiativ) n(e) e(con) n(v) n
(ersation) i(with) g(a) h(frequen) n(t) f(customer.) p
Fh -77 1889 a(Lik) n(ewise,) e(the) e(mixed-initiativ) n(e) g(in) n
(teraction) h(in) f(Fig.) h(2) g(is) f(rep-) -152 1976
y(resen) n(ted) h(as:) -152 2103 y(\(Ic) g(Rs\)) f(\(Is) 64
b(\(Ic) 25 b(Rs\)) g(Rc\)) g(\(Is) h(Rc\)) f(\(Is) h(Rc\)) -126
2191 y(0) 79 b(1) 105 b(2,5) 54 b(3) 80 b(4) 104 b(6) k(7) 76
b(8) 108 b(9) 51 b(10) -152 2305 y(In) 30 b(this) h(case,) j(the) c
(system) h(tak) n(es) g(the) g(initiativ) n(e) g(in) g(utterance) f(2)
-152 2392 y(but) h(instead) h(of) h(resp) r(onding) f(to) g(the) g
(question) g(of) g(size) h(in) f(utter-) -152 2479 y(ance) 27
b(3,) g(the) f(caller) i(tak) n(es) e(the) g(initiativ) n(e,) i
(causing) f(an) f(`insertion') -152 2566 y(to) i(o) r(ccur) g(in) f
(the) g(in) n(teraction) h(sequence) g(\(dialog\)) g([11].) 41
b(The) 28 b(sys-) -152 2654 y(tem) k(resp) r(onds) g(with) g(an) g(ac) n
(kno) n(wledgemen) n(t) g(\(`Ok) l(a) n(y) -6 b(,) 33
b(sausage.'\)) -152 2741 y(in) g(utterance) h(4.) 57
b(This) 34 b(is) g(represen) n(ted) f(as) h(the) f(nested) g(pair) g
(\(Ic) -152 2828 y(Rs\)) e(ab) r(o) n(v) n(e.) 52 b(The) 31
b(system) h(then) e(re-fo) r(cusses) j(the) e(dialog) i(on) e(the) -152
2915 y(question) d(of) g(pizza) g(size) h(in) e(utterance) h(5) g(\(th)
n(us) f(retaking) h(the) f(ini-) -152 3002 y(tiativ) n(e\).) 35
b(In) 24 b(utterance) h(6) g(the) f(caller) j(resp) r(onds) e(with) g
(the) g(desired) -152 3089 y(size) j(\(medium\)) e(and) g(the) h(in) n
(teraction) g(pro) r(ceeds) g(as) h(b) r(efore,) g(from) -152
3177 y(this) e(p) r(oin) n(t.) -77 3264 y(There) g(are) g(v) l(arious) g
(other) g(p) r(ossibilities) i(for) e(mixing) g(initiativ) n(e.) -152
3351 y(F) -6 b(or) 25 b(instance,) g(if) g(a) g(user) f(is) h(a) g
(frequen) n(t) e(customer) i(of) g(Jo) r(e's) h(Pizza,) -152
3438 y(he) 31 b(migh) n(t) g(tak) n(e) f(the) g(initiativ) n(e) i(and) e
(sp) r(ecify) h(all) h(three) f(pizza) g(at-) -152 3525
y(tributes) h(on) g(the) g(\014rst) g(a) n(v) l(ailable) h(prompt,) g
(as) g(sho) n(wn) f(in) g(Fig.) h(4.) -152 3612 y(Suc) n(h) 25
b(an) h(in) n(teraction) g(w) n(ould) g(b) r(e) f(represen) n(ted) h
(as:) -152 3740 y(\(Ic) g(Rs\)) f(\(Is) k(Rc\)) 22 b(\(Is) 29
b(Rc\)) -126 3827 y(0) 79 b(1) 105 b(2) 79 b(3) 104 b(4) 79
b(5) -152 3941 y(Notice) 34 b(that) e(ev) n(en) g(though) h(this) f
(dialog) j(consists) f(of) f(only) g(three) -152 4028
y(turns) 27 b(it) h(constitutes) g(a) g(complete) g(instance) g(of) g
(in) n(teraction) h(with) -152 4116 y(the) d(pizza) g(ordering) g
(service.) -77 4203 y(The) 17 b(notation) h(aids) g(in) f
(understanding) f(the) h(structure) g(and) g(stag-) -152
4290 y(ing) 31 b(of) f(in) n(teraction) h(in) f(a) g(dialog.) 49
b(By) 29 b(a) i(p) r(ost-analysis) g(of) f(all) h(in-) -152
4377 y(teraction) g(sequences) f(describ) r(ed) g(in) f(this) h
(manner,) h(w) n(e) f(\014nd) f(that) -152 4464 y(utterances) 36
b(0) g(and) f(1) g(ha) n(v) n(e) g(to) h(pro) r(ceed) f(in) h(order.) 64
b(Utterances) -152 4552 y(dealing) 37 b(with) f(selection) h(of) p
Fe 37 w(f) p Fh(size,topping,crust) p Fe(g) p Fh 38 w(can) f(then) f(b)
r(e) -152 4639 y(nested) h(in) f(an) n(y) h(order) f(and) h(pro) n
(vide) f(in) n(teresting) h(opp) r(ortunities) -152 4726
y(for) f(mixing) e(initiativ) n(e.) 59 b(Finally) -6
b(,) 36 b(the) d(utterances) h(dealing) h(with) -152
4813 y(con\014rmation) j(of) g(the) f(user's) h(request) f(can) h(pro) r
(ceed) g(only) f(after) -152 4900 y(c) n(hoices) 27 b(of) f(all) h
(three) e(pizza) i(attributes) e(ha) n(v) n(e) h(b) r(een) f(made.) -77
4987 y(While) 30 b(the) g(notation) g(do) r(esn't) g(directly) g
(re\015ect) g(the) f(computa-) -152 5075 y(tional) 34
b(pro) r(cessing) f(necessary) g(to) g(ac) n(hiev) n(e) f(the) g
(indicated) g(struc-) -152 5162 y(ture,) 40 b(it) e(can) f(b) r(e) g
(used) g(to) g(express) g(a) h(set) f(of) h(requiremen) n(ts) f(for)
-152 5249 y(a) d(dialog) i(system) d(design.) 59 b(There) 35
b(are) f(13) g(p) r(ossible) h(in) n(teraction) -152
5336 y(sequences) 28 b(\(discoun) n(ting) g(p) r(erm) n(utations) g(of)
g(attributes) g(sp) r(eci\014ed) -152 5423 y(in) f(a) g(giv) n(en) g
(utterance\):) 37 b(1) 27 b(p) r(ossibilit) n(y) h(of) g(sp) r
(ecifying) g(ev) n(erything) -152 5510 y(in) 33 b(one) g(utterance,) h
(6) f(p) r(ossibilities) i(of) e(sp) r(eci\014cation) h(in) f(t) n(w) n
(o) g(ut-) -152 5598 y(terances,) g(and) e(6) g(p) r(ossibilities) i
(of) f(sp) r(eci\014cation) f(in) g(three) g(utter-) -152
5685 y(ances.) k(If) 26 b(w) n(e) f(include) h(p) r(erm) n(utations,) g
(there) f(are) g(24) h(p) r(ossibilities) 2040 1889 y(\(our) 33
b(calculations) j(do) d(not) g(consider) h(situations) h(where,) h(for)
e(in-) 2040 1976 y(stance,) k(the) c(system) h(do) r(esn't) g
(recognize) h(the) e(user's) h(input) f(and) 2040 2063
y(reprompts) f(for) h(information\).) 59 b(Of) 33 b(these) g(p) r
(ossibilities,) 38 b(all) c(but) 2040 2150 y(one) 26
b(are) g(mixed-initiativ) n(e) g(sequences.) 2115 2238
y(Man) n(y) 17 b(programming) h(mo) r(dels) g(view) g(mixed) e
(initiativ) n(e) i(sequences) 2040 2325 y(as) 23 b(requiring) f(some) g
(sp) r(ecial) i(atten) n(tion) e(to) g(b) r(e) g(accommo) r(dated.) 34
b(In) 2040 2412 y(particular,) k(they) c(rely) h(on) f(recognizing) j
(when) d(a) h(user) g(has) g(pro-) 2040 2499 y(vided) 22
b(unsolicited) h(input) p Fc 2805 2467 a(1) p Fh 2861
2499 a(and) g(qualify) f(a) h(shift-in-initiativ) n(e) g(as) g(a) 2040
2586 y(`transfer) i(of) g(con) n(trol.') 35 b(This) 25
b(implies) g(that) f(the) g(mec) n(hanisms) h(that) 2040
2673 y(handle) 19 b(out-of-turn) e(in) n(teractions) j(are) f(often) h
(di\013eren) n(t) e(from) h(those) 2040 2761 y(that) h(realize) i
(purely) d(system-directed) h(in) n(teractions.) 33 b(Fig.) 22
b(5) e(\(left\)) 2040 2848 y(describ) r(es) 28 b(a) g(t) n(ypical) g
(soft) n(w) n(are) h(design.) 41 b(A) 27 b(dialog) i(manager) g(is) f
(in) 2040 2935 y(c) n(harge) i(of) f(prompting) g(the) g(user) g(for) h
(input,) f(queueing) g(messages) 2040 3022 y(on) n(to) 36
b(an) g(output) f(medium,) k(ev) n(en) n(t) c(pro) r(cessing,) 41
b(and) 35 b(managing) 2040 3109 y(the) 27 b(o) n(v) n(erall) h(\015o) n
(w) f(of) h(in) n(teraction.) 39 b(One) 27 b(of) g(its) h(inputs) e(is)
i(a) f(dialog) 2040 3196 y(script) i(that) g(con) n(tains) g(a) g(sp) r
(eci\014cation) h(of) f(in) n(teraction) h(and) e(a) h(set) 2040
3284 y(of) 35 b(slots) h(that) e(are) h(to) g(b) r(e) f(\014lled.) 62
b(In) 34 b(our) g(pizza) h(example,) i(slots) 2040 3371
y(corresp) r(ond) 32 b(to) f(placeholders) h(for) f(v) l(alues) g(of) h
(size,) h(topping,) g(and) 2040 3458 y(crust.) 63 b(An) 35
b(in) n(terpreter) f(determines) i(the) f(\014rst) g(un\014lled) f
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b(\(and) e(an) n(y) g(appropriate) h(simpli\014cations) i(to) e(the) f
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(adv) l(an) n(tage) f(of) i(partial) f(ev) l(aluation) -152
4726 y(is) 28 b(its) f(supp) r(ort) f(for) i(staging) g
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4813 y(mix-equation) e([9]) g(holds) h(for) f(ev) n(ery) f(p) r
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5249 y(to) i(an) g(out-of-turn) f(input.) -77 5336 y(Another) h(w) n(a)
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(\(left\)) g(mak) n(es) g(a) g(distinction) g(of) h(resp) r(on-) -152
5510 y(siv) n(e) 27 b(v) n(ersus) g(unsolicited) g(inputs,) g(whereas) g
(Fig.) h(5) f(\(righ) n(t\)) g(mak) n(es) -152 5598 y(a) f(more) f
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(\(in) n(terpre-) -152 5685 y(tation\)) d(v) n(ersus) e
(mixed-initiativ) n(e) h(\(partial) h(ev) l(aluation\).) 33
b(In) 21 b(other) 2040 1920 y(w) n(ords,) 27 b(Fig.) g(5) f(\(righ) n
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2095 y(\(b) n(y) 29 b(an) i(in) n(terpreter\),) g(and) f(\(ii\)) h
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2182 y(of) h(initiativ) n(e) f(\(handled) g(b) n(y) e(a) j(partial) g
(ev) l(aluator\).) 44 b(In) 28 b(the) h(latter) 2040
2269 y(case,) 24 b(the) e(computations) g(are) h(actually) f(used) g
(as) h(a) p Fd 22 w(r) l(epr) l(esentation) 2040 2356
y(of) 30 b(inter) l(actions.) p Fh 45 w(Since) e(only) h
(mixed-initiativ) n(e) f(in) n(teractions) i(in-) 2040
2443 y(v) n(olv) n(e) g(m) n(ultiple) g(staging) h(options) f(and) g
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b(the) g(partial) i(ev) l(aluator,) h(our) e(design) g(requires) g(the)
p Fd 17 w(le) l(ast) p Fh 19 w(amoun) n(t) 2040 2618
y(of) 32 b(sp) r(eci\014cation) f(\(to) g(supp) r(ort) g(all) g(in) n
(teraction) h(sequences\).) 49 b(F) -6 b(or) 2040 2705
y(instance,) 30 b(the) e(script) h(in) f(Fig.) i(6) f(mo) r(dels) g
(the) f(parts) h(that) f(in) n(v) n(olv) n(e) 2040 2792
y(mixing) j(of) g(initiativ) n(e) h(and) e(helps) h(realize) h(all) f
(of) h(the) e(13) h(p) r(ossible) 2040 2879 y(in) n(teraction) e
(sequences.) 42 b(A) n(t) 28 b(the) f(same) i(time) g(it) f(do) r(es) h
(not) f(mo) r(del) 2040 2966 y(the) 18 b(con\014rmation) i(sequence) e
(of) i(Fig.) g(2) f(b) r(ecause) g(the) f(caller) j(cannot) 2040
3054 y(con\014rm) i(his) g(order) f(b) r(efore) i(selecting) g(the) e
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b(turn) e(m) n(ust) g(b) r(e) h(handled) f(b) n(y) g(straigh) n(tforw) n
(ard) j(in) n(terpreta-) 2040 3228 y(tion.) 2115 3315
y(T) -6 b(o) 20 b(the) f(b) r(est) h(of) g(our) g(kno) n(wledge,) i
(suc) n(h) d(a) h(mo) r(del) g(of) g(partial) h(ev) l(al-) 2040
3402 y(uation) d(for) g(mixed-initiativ) n(e) f(in) n(teraction) h(has)
f(not) g(b) r(een) g(prop) r(osed) 2040 3489 y(b) r(efore.) 34
b(While) 23 b(computational) g(mo) r(dels) h(for) f(mixed-initiativ) n
(e) f(in-) 2040 3577 y(teraction) 34 b(remain) g(an) f(activ) n(e) g
(area) h(of) g(researc) n(h) f([8],) k(suc) n(h) 32 b(w) n(ork) 2040
3664 y(is) 42 b(c) n(haracterized) g(b) n(y) e(k) n(eyw) n(ords) h(suc)
n(h) g(as) g(`con) n(trolling) i(mixed-) 2040 3751 y(initiativ) n(e) c
(in) n(teraction,') k(`kno) n(wledge) c(represen) n(tation) g(and) f
(rea-) 2040 3838 y(soning) e(strategies,') k(and) c(`m) n(ulti-agen) n
(t) f(co-ordination.') 65 b(There) 2040 3925 y(are) 25
b(ev) n(en) f(pro) t(jects) i(that) f(talk) g(ab) r(out) f(`in) n
(tegrating') j(mixed) d(initia-) 2040 4013 y(tiv) n(e) 33
b(in) n(teraction) h(and) f(partial) h(ev) l(aluation) g(to) g(realize)
g(an) g(arc) n(hi-) 2040 4100 y(tecture) g(for) h(planning) g(and) f
(learning) h([17].) 62 b(W) -6 b(e) 34 b(are) g(optimistic) 2040
4187 y(that) 24 b(our) g(w) n(ork) g(has) h(the) e(same) i(historical) h
(signi\014cance) f(as) g(the) f(re-) 2040 4274 y(lation) i(b) r(et) n
(w) n(een) e(explanation-based) h(generalization) i(\(a) e(learning)
2040 4361 y(tec) n(hnique) k(in) h(AI\)) f(and) g(partial) i(ev) l
(aluation) f(established) h(b) n(y) d(v) l(an) 2040 4448
y(Haremelen) e(and) g(Bundy) e(in) i(1988) h([16].) p
Fi 2040 4618 a(2.1) 99 b(Pr) n(eliminary) 25 b(Obser) o(v) o(ations) p
Fh 2115 4726 a(It) j(is) g(instructiv) n(e) g(to) h(examine) f(the) g
(situations) i(under) d(whic) n(h) h(a) 2040 4813 y(concept) f(studied)
g(in) h(a) f(completely) h(di\013eren) n(t) f(domain) h(is) g(lik) n
(ened) 2040 4900 y(to) f(partial) g(ev) l(aluation.) 37
b(Establishing) 27 b(a) g(resem) n(blance) g(to) g(partial) 2040
4987 y(ev) l(aluation) j(is) h(usually) f(done) f(b) n(y) g(mapping) h
(from) g(an) g(underlying) 2040 5075 y(idea) 36 b(of) g(sp) r
(ecialization) h(or) f(customization) g(in) f(the) g(original) i(do-)
2040 5162 y(main.) 53 b(This) 32 b(is) g(the) f(basis) h(in) g([16]) h
(where) f(sp) r(ecialization) i(of) e(do-) 2040 5249
y(main) c(theories) h(is) f(equated) f(to) h(partial) h(ev) l(aluation)
f(of) h(programs.) 2040 5336 y(The) 24 b(motiv) l(ating) g(theme) g(is)
g(one) g(of) h(re-expressing) f(the) f(giv) n(en) h(pro-) 2040
5423 y(gram) k(\(domain) g(theory\)) f(in) h(an) g(e\016cien) n(t) f
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@endspecial -152 2171 a(Figure) 36 b(8:) 52 b(La) n(y) n(ering) 35
b(in) n(teraction) h(sequences) f(for) i(unso-) -152
2258 y(licited) 29 b(rep) r(orting.) p Fh -152 2526 a(in) c(hea) n
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p Fd 26 w(di\013er) l(ent) i(times) f(of) f(arrival) p
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3049 y(use) 29 b(partial) h(ev) l(aluation) f(for) h(mixed-initiativ) n
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b(of) h(partial) h(ev) l(aluation) f(that) f(is) h(p) r(ertinen) n(t) f
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r(ecialization) i(tec) n(hnique,) g(but) d(also) i(that) e(a) -152
3310 y(sequence) c(of) h(suc) n(h) f(sp) r(ecializations) j(corresp) r
(onds) e(to) g(a) f(v) l(alid) g(in-) -152 3398 y(stance) e(of) h(in) n
(teraction) f(with) g(the) f(dialog) j(script.) 46 b(Moreo) n(v) n(er,)
32 b(the) -152 3485 y(set) 26 b(of) h(v) l(alid) f(sequences) f(of) i
(sp) r(ecializations) i(is) d(exactly) g(the) f(set) h(of) -152
3572 y(in) n(teractions) 19 b(to) g(b) r(e) e(supp) r(orted.) 32
b(The) 18 b(program) h(of) g(Fig.) g(6) f(can) g(th) n(us) -152
3659 y(b) r(e) 30 b(though) n(t) g(of) h(as) g(a) f(compaction) i(of) f
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@endspecial 2040 2522 a(Figure) 36 b(10:) 52 b(La) n(y) n(ering) 35
b(in) n(teraction) h(sequences) f(for) i(sub-) 2040 2609
y(dialog) 29 b(in) n(v) n(o) r(cation.) p Fh 2040 2895
a(the) j(subgraph) f(and) h(la) n(y) n(er) g(it) g(in) g(the) f(con) n
(text) h(of) h(a) f(larger) h(in) n(ter-) 2040 2982 y(action) f
(sequence) f(as) g(sho) n(wn) h(in) e(Fig.) j(8.) 51
b(The) 31 b(no) r(des) g(in) g(the) g(top) 2040 3070
y(la) n(y) n(er) d(dictate) g(a) g(strict) g(sequen) n(tial) g
(structure,) g(th) n(us) f(they) g(should) 2040 3157
y(b) r(e) 37 b(mo) r(deled) h(b) n(y) e(in) n(terpretation.) 70
b(The) 38 b(no) r(des) f(in) g(the) g(b) r(ottom) 2040
3244 y(la) n(y) n(er) 24 b(encapsulate) h(and) f(exhibit) f(the) h
(bush) n(y) f(c) n(haracteristic;) j(they) 2040 3331
y(are) i(hence) e(candidates) i(for) g(partial) f(ev) l(aluation.) 39
b(The) 28 b(k) n(ey) d(lesson) 2040 3418 y(to) e(b) r(e) f(dra) n(wn) g
(from) h(Fig.) g(8) g(is) g(that) f(partial) h(ev) l(aluation) g
(e\013ectiv) n(ely) 2040 3505 y(supp) r(orts) e(the) f(mixed-initiativ)
n(e) h(subgraph) f(without) h(main) n(taining) 2040 3593
y(an) n(y) i(additional) i(state) g(\(for) g(instance) f(after) h(a) f
(no) r(de) g(has) g(b) r(een) g(vis-) 2040 3680 y(ited,) h(this) g
(information) h(is) f(not) g(stored) g(an) n(ywhere) f(to) h(ensure) g
(that) 2040 3767 y(it) g(is) h(not) f(visited) g(again\).) 36
b(In) 24 b(con) n(trast,) i(the) f(in) n(terpretation) g(la) n(y) n(er)
2040 3854 y(has) k(an) g(implicit) g(notion) g(of) g(state) h(\(namely)
-6 b(,) 29 b(the) f(part) g(of) i(the) e(in-) 2040 3941
y(teraction) c(sequence) f(that) f(is) i(curren) n(tly) e(b) r(eing) h
(in) n(terpreted\).) 33 b(The) 2040 4028 y(la) n(y) n(ered) 21
b(design) h(can) g(b) r(e) f(implemen) n(ted) h(as) g(t) n(w) n(o) f
(alternating) i(pieces) 2040 4116 y(of) 36 b(co) r(de) g(\(for) g(in) n
(terpretation) g(and) f(partial) i(ev) l(aluation,) h(resp) r(ec-) 2040
4203 y(tiv) n(ely\)) d(where) g(the) g(in) n(terpreter) g(passes) h
(con) n(trol) g(to) g(the) f(partial) 2040 4290 y(ev) l(aluator) d(for)
g(the) f(segmen) n(ts) i(in) n(v) n(olving) e(pizza) h(attribute) f(sp)
r(eci-) 2040 4377 y(\014cation) d(and) g(resumes) g(after) g(these) g
(segmen) n(ts) h(ha) n(v) n(e) e(b) r(een) g(ev) l(alu-) 2040
4464 y(ated.) 2115 4552 y(F) -6 b(or) 19 b(some) g(applications,) j
(the) c(alternating) i(la) n(y) n(er) f(concept) g(migh) n(t) 2040
4639 y(need) 31 b(to) h(b) r(e) g(extended) f(to) h(more) g(than) f(t) n
(w) n(o) h(la) n(y) n(ers.) 54 b(Consider) 32 b(a) 2040
4726 y(hotel) 25 b(telephone) g(service) h(for) f(ordering) h
(breakfast.) 35 b(Assume) 25 b(that) 2040 4813 y(ordering) 39
b(breakfast) g(in) n(v) n(olv) n(es) f(sp) r(eci\014cations) h(of) p
Fe 39 w(f) p Fh(eggs,) 44 b(co\013ee,) 2040 4900 y(bak) n(ery) 19
b(item) p Fe(g) p Fh 21 w(tuples.) 32 b(The) 20 b(user) g(can) g(sp) r
(ecify) h(these) f(items) g(in) g(an) n(y) 2040 4987
y(order,) 31 b(but) d(eac) n(h) i(item) f(in) n(v) n(olv) n(es) h(a) f
(second) h(clari\014cation) h(asp) r(ect.) 2040 5075
y(After) 23 b(the) f(user) h(has) f(sp) r(eci\014ed) h(his) g(c) n
(hoice) g(of) g(eggs,) i(a) e(clari\014cation) 2040 5162
y(of) j(`ho) n(w) g(do) g(y) n(ou) e(lik) n(e) i(y) n(our) e(eggs?') 36
b(migh) n(t) 26 b(b) r(e) f(needed.) 34 b(Similarly) -6
b(,) 2040 5249 y(when) 29 b(the) g(user) h(is) f(talking) h(ab) r(out) g
(co\013ee,) h(a) e(clari\014cation) i(of) f(`do) 2040
5336 y(y) n(ou) f(tak) n(e) f(cream) i(and) f(sugar?') 45
b(migh) n(t) 29 b(b) r(e) g(required,) h(and) f(so) g(on.) 2040
5423 y(This) e(form) h(of) f(mixed-initiativ) n(e) g(w) n(as) g(in) n
(tro) r(duced) f(in) h(Section) g(1.1) 2040 5510 y(as) 35
b(sub) r(dialog) h(in) n(v) n(o) r(cation.) 61 b(The) 35
b(set) f(of) i(in) n(teraction) f(sequences) 2040 5598
y(that) 28 b(address) h(this) f(requiremen) n(t) f(can) i(b) r(e) f
(represen) n(ted) g(as) g(sho) n(wn) 2040 5685 y(in) 36
b(Fig.) h(9) f(\(only) f(the) h(mixed-initiativ) n(e) f(parts) h(are) g
(sho) n(wn\).) 65 b(In) p 90 rotate dyy eop
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@endspecial Fg -152 751 a(Figure) 29 b(11:) 40 b(A) 29
b(requiremen) n(t) g(for) h(mixing) e(initiativ) n(e) g(that) -152
838 y(cannot) j(b) r(e) f(captured) g(b) n(y) f(partial) g(ev) -5
b(aluation.) p Fh -152 1152 a(this) 28 b(case,) i(it) e(is) g(not) g(p)
r(ossible) h(to) f(ac) n(hiev) n(e) g(a) g(clean) h(separation) g(of)
-152 1239 y(subgraphs) d(in) n(to) g(in) n(terpretation) h(and) e
(partial) i(ev) l(aluation) g(in) f(just) -152 1326 y(t) n(w) n(o) g
(la) n(y) n(ers.) -77 1413 y(One) 32 b(solution) i(is) f(to) g(use) g
(three) f(la) n(y) n(ers) h(as) g(sho) n(wn) g(in) g(Fig.) h(10.) -152
1500 y(If) k(w) n(e) f(implemen) n(t) g(b) r(oth) g(in) n(terpretation)
h(la) n(y) n(ers) f(of) h(this) f(design) -152 1588 y(b) n(y) 27
b(the) g(same) h(co) r(de,) g(some) g(form) h(of) f(scop) r(e) g(main) n
(tenance) f(\(e.g.,) i(a) -152 1675 y(stac) n(k\)) 21
b(will) h(b) r(e) f(necessary) h(when) e(mo) n(ving) h(across) i(the) d
(b) r(ottom) h(t) n(w) n(o) -152 1762 y(la) n(y) n(ers.) 41
b(Pushing) 27 b(on) n(to) h(the) f(stac) n(k) g(preserv) n(es) h(the) f
(con) n(text) g(of) h(the) -152 1849 y(original) 37 b(in) n(teraction) f
(sequence) f(and) g(is) h(e\013ected) f(for) h(eac) n(h) g(step) -152
1936 y(of) f(partial) g(ev) l(aluation.) 61 b(P) n(opping) 34
b(restores) h(this) f(con) n(text) g(when) -152 2023
y(con) n(trol) f(returns) e(to) h(the) g(partial) h(ev) l(aluator.) 53
b(The) 32 b(seman) n(tics) h(of) -152 2111 y(graph) j(tra) n(v) n
(ersal) g(remain) g(the) g(same.) 65 b(Once) 35 b(the) g(no) r(des) h
(in) f(the) -152 2198 y(second) d(and) g(third) f(la) n(y) n(ers) h
(are) g(tra) n(v) n(ersed,) i(in) n(terpretation) e(is) g(re-) -152
2285 y(sumed) 26 b(at) g(the) f(top) h(la) n(y) n(er) g(to) g
(con\014rm) g(the) f(breakfast) i(order.) 35 b(It) 25
b(is) -152 2372 y(imp) r(ortan) n(t) e(to) f(note) h(that) f(once) g
(again,) j(the) d(seman) n(tics) h(of) g(transfer) -152
2459 y(of) k(con) n(trol) f(b) r(et) n(w) n(een) g(the) f(in) n
(terpreter) h(and) f(partial) i(ev) l(aluator) f(are) -152
2547 y(unam) n(biguous) g(and) f(o) r(ccur) h(at) g(w) n(ell) h
(de\014ned) e(branc) n(h) g(p) r(oin) n(ts.) -77 2634
y(The) 17 b(ab) r(o) n(v) n(e) g(examples) h(highligh) n(t) g(the) e
(all-or-nothing) i(role) g(pla) n(y) n(ed) -152 2721
y(b) n(y) 28 b(partial) i(ev) l(aluation.) 45 b(F) -6
b(or) 30 b(a) f(dialog) i(script) e(parameterized) h(in) -152
2808 y(terms) 19 b(of) h(slot) g(v) l(ariables,) h(partial) f(ev) l
(aluation) f(can) g(b) r(e) g(used) g(to) g(sup-) -152
2895 y(p) r(ort) i(all) h(v) l(alid) f(p) r(ossibilities) i(for) f
(mixing) f(initiativ) n(e,) i(but) d(it) h(cannot) -152
2982 y(restrict) g(the) f(scop) r(e) g(of) h(mixing) f(initiativ) n(e) h
(in) f(an) n(y) f(w) n(a) n(y) -6 b(.) 33 b(In) 19 b(particu-) -152
3070 y(lar) k(this) f(means) h(that,) g(unlik) n(e) f(in) n
(terpretation,) h(partial) g(ev) l(aluation) -152 3157
y(cannot) k(enforce) g(an) n(y) f(individual) g(in) n(teraction) h
(sequence!) 37 b(Ev) n(en) 25 b(a) -152 3244 y(sligh) n(t) 34
b(deviation) f(in) g(requiremen) n(ts) f(that) h(remo) n(v) n(es) g
(some) h(of) f(the) -152 3331 y(w) n(alks) e(in) e(the) g(bush) n(y) f
(subgraph) h(will) i(render) e(partial) h(ev) l(aluation) -152
3418 y(inapplicable.) -77 3505 y(F) -6 b(or) 37 b(instance,) j
(consider) d(the) f(graph) h(in) f(Fig.) i(11) f(that) f(is) h(the) -152
3593 y(same) 28 b(as) g(Fig.) h(7) e(with) h(some) g(edges) g(remo) n
(v) n(ed.) 39 b(Mixing) 28 b(initiativ) n(e) -152 3680
y(is) d(restricted) f(to) h(visiting) f(the) g(size,) h(topping,) g
(and) f(crust) g(no) r(des) g(in) -152 3767 y(a) k(strict) f(forw) n
(ard) h(or) g(rev) n(erse) f(order.) 39 b(P) n(artial) 28
b(ev) l(aluation) g(cannot) -152 3854 y(b) r(e) 20 b(used) f(to) g
(restrict) h(the) f(scop) r(e) i(of) f(mixing) f(initiativ) n(e) h(to) g
(just) g(these) -152 3941 y(t) n(w) n(o) 29 b(p) r(ossibilities) i(of) f
(sp) r(ecifying) f(the) g(pizza) g(attributes.) 43 b(W) -6
b(e) 29 b(can) -152 4028 y(mo) r(del) g(this) g(b) n(y) e(in) n
(terpretation) i(but) f(this) g(requires) h(an) n(ticipation,) -152
4116 y(akin) d(to) g(the) f(design) h(of) h(Fig.) f(5) g(\(left\).) -77
4203 y(This) c(is) f(the) f(essence) i(of) g(partial) g(ev) l(aluation)
f(as) g(a) h(programming) -152 4290 y(mo) r(del;) 37
b(it) c(mak) n(es) g(some) g(tasks) g(extremely) f(easy) h(but) f(lik) n
(e) h(ev) n(ery) -152 4377 y(other) 23 b(programming) g(metho) r
(dology) -6 b(,) 24 b(it) f(is) f(not) h(a) f(silv) n(er) h(bullet.) 33
b(In) -152 4464 y(a) i(realistic) g(implemen) n(tation) g(for) g
(mixed-initiativ) n(e) f(in) n(teraction,) -152 4552
y(partial) 29 b(ev) l(aluation) g(will) h(need) d(to) i(b) r(e) f(used)
g(in) g(conjunction) h(with) -152 4639 y(other) e(paradigms) h(\(e.g.,)
h(in) n(terpretation\)) e(to) g(realize) h(the) f(desired) -152
4726 y(ob) t(jectiv) n(es.) -77 4813 y(In) h(this) h(pap) r(er,) h(w) n
(e) f(concen) n(trate) g(on) g(only) f(the) h(unsolicited) g(re-) -152
4900 y(p) r(orting) 20 b(facet) f(of) h(mixed) f(initiativ) n(e) g(for)
h(whic) n(h) f(the) f(decomp) r(osition) -152 4987 y(illustrated) 29
b(b) n(y) e(Fig.) i(8) f(is) g(adequate.) 41 b(In) 27
b(other) h(w) n(ords,) h(these) f(are) -152 5075 y(the) 20
b(applications) i(where) e(the) g(all-or-nothing) h(role) g(of) g
(partial) g(ev) l(al-) -152 5162 y(uation) 26 b(is) g(su\016cien) n(t) g
(to) g(realize) h(mixed-initiativ) n(e) f(in) n(teraction.) -77
5249 y(Our) 21 b(mo) r(deling) j(metho) r(dology) f(is) f(concerned) g
(only) g(with) h(the) e(in-) -152 5336 y(teraction) 28
b(staging) h(asp) r(ect) f(of) g(dialog) h(managemen) n(t,) f(namely) f
(de-) -152 5423 y(termining) f(what) f(the) f(next) g(step\(s\)) h(in) g
(the) f(dialog) j(can) e(or) g(should) -152 5510 y(b) r(e.) 34
b(W) -6 b(e) 23 b(ha) n(v) n(e) h(not) f(fo) r(cused) i(on) e(asp) r
(ects) i(suc) n(h) e(as) h(resp) r(onse) h(gener-) -152
5598 y(ation.) 40 b(In) 26 b(the) h(pizza) g(example,) h(resp) r(onses)
g(to) f(successful) i(partial) -152 5685 y(ev) l(aluation) 23
b(\(or) f(in) n(terpretation\)) g(can) g(b) r(e) g(easily) h(mo) r
(deled) f(as) h(side-) 2316 1091 y @beginspecial 0 @llx
0 @lly 457 @urx 297 @ury 1728 @rwi @setspecial
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@endspecial Fg 2040 1261 a(Figure) e(12:) 35 b(Sk) n(etc) n(h) 21
b(of) g(an) h(in) n(terface) f(for) h(mixed-initiativ) n(e) 2040
1348 y(in) n(teraction) 30 b(with) f(w) n(eb) g(sites.) p
Fh 2040 1584 a(e\013ects.) 42 b(In) 27 b(other) h(cases,) i(w) n(e) f
(w) n(ould) f(need) g(to) g(tak) n(e) f(in) n(to) i(accoun) n(t) 2040
1671 y(the) 19 b(con) n(text) g(of) h(the) f(particular) h(in) n
(teraction) g(sequence.) 32 b(The) 20 b(same) 2040 1758
y(argumen) n(t) i(holds) g(for) h(what) f(is) h(kno) n(wn) e(as) h(tap)
r(ered) g(prompting) g([4].) 2040 1845 y(If) f(the) g(prompt) g(for) h
(size) g(needs) f(to) g(b) r(e) g(repla) n(y) n(ed) g(\(b) r(ecause) h
(the) e(user) 2040 1933 y(to) r(ok) 27 b(the) g(initiativ) n(e) g(and) f
(sp) r(eci\014ed) h(a) g(topping\),) g(w) n(e) h(migh) n(t) f(w) n(an) n
(t) 2040 2020 y(to) f(c) n(ho) r(ose) g(a) g(di\013eren) n(t) e(prompt)
h(for) h(a) g(more) g(natural) g(dialog) g(\(i.e.,) 2040
2107 y(instead) 31 b(of) g(rep) r(eating) h(`What) f(size) g(pizza) g
(w) n(ould) g(y) n(ou) f(lik) n(e?,') j(w) n(e) 2040
2194 y(migh) n(t) d(prompt) f(as) i(`Y) -6 b(ou) 29 b(still) i(ha) n(v)
n(en't) e(sp) r(eci\014ed) h(a) g(size.) 48 b(Please) 2040
2281 y(c) n(ho) r(ose) 23 b(among) g(small,) i(medium,) d(or) h
(large.'\).) 35 b(W) -6 b(e) 22 b(do) g(not) g(discuss) 2040
2369 y(these) k(asp) r(ects) h(further) f(except) g(to) g(sa) n(y) g
(that) g(they) f(are) h(an) g(imp) r(or-) 2040 2456 y(tan) n(t) 34
b(part) g(of) i(a) e(pro) r(duction) g(implemen) n(tation) h(of) h
(dialog) f(based) 2040 2543 y(systems.) p Fa 2040 2700
a(2.1.2) 90 b(Implementation) 22 b(T) -8 b(ec) o(h) n(nolo) o(gies) p
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y(ev) l(aluation) 28 b(mo) r(del) h(for) g(existing) f(information) h
(access) g(and) f(deliv-) 2040 2982 y(ery) g(tec) n(hnologies.) 43
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3157 y(via) k(h) n(yp) r(erlinks.) 37 b(In) 26 b([15],) i(w) n(e) f
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y(tation) 38 b(of) g(w) n(eb) g(site) g(p) r(ersonalization) h(systems)
f(that) f(allo) n(w) i(the) 2040 3331 y(mixing) 34 b(of) g(initiativ) n
(e.) 58 b(In) 33 b(con) n(trast) h(to) g(a) f(v) n(oice-based) h(deliv)
n(ery) 2040 3418 y(mec) n(hanism,) g(\(most\)) e(in) n(teractions) h
(with) f(w) n(eb) g(sites) g(pro) r(ceed) h(b) n(y) 2040
3505 y(clic) n(king) f(on) f(h) n(yp) r(erlinks.) 50
b(F) -6 b(or) 31 b(instance,) i(a) e(pizza) h(ordering) f(w) n(eb) 2040
3593 y(service) f(migh) n(t) f(pro) n(vide) g(h) n(yp) r(erlinks) g
(for) h(c) n(hoices) g(of) h(size) f(so) g(that) 2040
3680 y(clic) n(king) 37 b(on) f(a) g(link) g(implies) h(a) f(selection)
i(of) e(size.) 67 b(This) 37 b(migh) n(t) 2040 3767 y(refresh) 28
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r(del) i(in) e(a) h(future) g(pap) r(er.) p Fi -152 4647
a(3.) 100 b(SOFTW) -12 b(ARE) 25 b(TECHNOLOGIES) g(FOR) 23
4763 y(V) l(OI) n(CE\255B) m(AS) r(ED) g(MIXED\255INITIA) -9
b(TIVE) 23 4879 y(APPLICA) g(TIONS) p Fh -77 4987 a(Before) 26
b(w) n(e) f(can) f(study) g(the) g(programming) i(of) f
(mixed-initiativ) n(e) -152 5075 y(in) 39 b(a) h(v) n(oice-based) f
(application,) k(it) c(will) i(b) r(e) e(helpful) g(to) g(under-) -152
5162 y(stand) 31 b(the) g(basic) h(arc) n(hitecture) g(\(see) g(Fig.) g
(13\)) g(of) g(a) g(sp) r(ok) n(en) f(lan-) -152 5249
y(guage) 38 b(pro) r(cessing) g(system.) 68 b(As) 36
b(a) h(user) g(sp) r(eaks) g(in) n(to) g(the) f(sys-) -152
5336 y(tem,) k(the) c(sounds) h(pro) r(duced) f(are) h(captured) f(b) n
(y) f(a) i(microphone) -152 5423 y(and) c(con) n(v) n(erted) e(in) n
(to) i(a) g(digital) h(signal) f(b) n(y) f(an) g(analog-to-digital) -152
5510 y(con) n(v) n(erter.) 53 b(In) 31 b(telephone-based) h(systems) g
(\(the) g(V) -6 b(oiceXML) 32 b(ar-) -152 5598 y(c) n(hitecture) f(co) n
(v) n(ered) f(later) h(in) f(the) g(pap) r(er) h(is) g(geared) g(to) n
(w) n(ard) g(this) -152 5685 y(mo) r(de\),) 24 b(the) d(microphone) i
(is) g(part) f(of) g(the) g(telephone) g(handset) g(and) 2040
2631 y(the) 29 b(analog-to-digital) i(con) n(v) n(ersion) e(is) g(t) n
(ypically) g(done) g(b) n(y) f(equip-) 2040 2718 y(men) n(t) h(in) h
(the) g(telephone) f(net) n(w) n(ork) h(\(in) g(some) g(cellular) h
(telephon) n(y) 2040 2805 y(mo) r(dels,) g(the) e(con) n(v) n(ersion) g
(w) n(ould) h(b) r(e) f(p) r(erformed) g(in) g(the) g(handset) 2040
2893 y(itself) 6 b(\).) 2115 2980 y(The) 33 b(next) g(stage) h
(\(feature) g(extraction\)) g(prepares) f(the) g(digital) 2040
3067 y(sp) r(eec) n(h) 22 b(signal) i(to) e(b) r(e) g(pro) r(cessed) h
(b) n(y) e(the) h(sp) r(eec) n(h) g(recognizer.) 35 b(F) -6
b(ea-) 2040 3154 y(tures) 27 b(of) h(the) f(signal) h(imp) r(ortan) n
(t) f(for) h(sp) r(eec) n(h) f(recognition) i(are) e(ex-) 2040
3241 y(tracted) 32 b(from) h(the) e(original) j(signal,) h(organized) e
(as) g(an) f(attribute) 2040 3328 y(v) n(ector,) 26 b(and) f(passed) h
(to) g(the) g(recognizer.) 2115 3416 y(Most) 19 b(mo) r(dern) f(sp) r
(eec) n(h) h(recognizers) h(use) e(Hidden) f(Mark) n(o) n(v) h(Mo) r
(d-) 2040 3503 y(els) 32 b(\(HMMs\)) g(and) f(asso) r(ciated) i
(algorithms) g(to) f(represen) n(t,) h(train,) 2040 3590
y(and) 27 b(recognize) i(sp) r(eec) n(h.) 39 b(HMMs) 28
b(are) g(probabilistic) h(mo) r(dels) f(that) 2040 3677
y(m) n(ust) h(b) r(e) g(trained) h(on) f(an) g(input) g(set) h(of) g
(data.) 46 b(A) 28 b(common) i(tec) n(h-) 2040 3764 y(nique) 17
b(is) h(to) g(create) h(sets) f(of) h(acoustic) g(HMMs) f(that) f(mo) r
(del) i(phonetic) 2040 3851 y(units) k(of) h(sp) r(eec) n(h) g(in) f
(con) n(text.) 33 b(These) 24 b(mo) r(dels) g(are) g(created) g(from) g
(a) 2040 3939 y(training) f(set) f(of) g(sp) r(eec) n(h) g(data) h
(that) e(is) i(\(hop) r(efully\)) f(represen) n(tativ) n(e) 2040
4026 y(of) 30 b(the) e(p) r(opulation) h(of) g(users) g(who) g(will) h
(use) f(the) f(system.) 44 b(A) 28 b(lan-) 2040 4113
y(guage) c(mo) r(del) g(is) f(also) i(created) e(prior) g(to) h(p) r
(erforming) g(recognition.) 2040 4200 y(The) 29 b(language) g(mo) r
(del) g(is) g(t) n(ypically) g(used) f(to) g(sp) r(ecify) h(v) l(alid) g
(com-) 2040 4287 y(binations) c(of) g(the) f(HMMs) h(at) f(a) h(w) n
(ord-) f(or) h(sen) n(tence-lev) n(el.) 34 b(In) 23 b(this) 2040
4374 y(w) n(a) n(y) -6 b(,) 33 b(the) e(language) i(mo) r(del) f(sp) r
(eci\014es) g(the) f(w) n(ords,) j(phrases,) g(and) 2040
4462 y(sen) n(tences) 22 b(that) f(the) h(recognizer) h(can) f(attempt)
f(to) h(recognize.) 34 b(The) 2040 4549 y(pro) r(cess) 27
b(of) f(recognizing) h(a) e(new) h(input) f(sp) r(eec) n(h) g(signal) i
(is) f(then) f(ac-) 2040 4636 y(complished) c(using) g(e\016cien) n(t) f
(searc) n(h) h(algorithms) h(\(suc) n(h) e(as) h(Viterbi) 2040
4723 y(deco) r(ding\)) 27 b(to) h(\014nd) d(the) i(b) r(est) g(matc) n
(hing) g(HMMs,) h(giv) n(en) f(the) g(con-) 2040 4810
y(strain) n(ts) 33 b(of) g(the) e(language) j(mo) r(del.) 54
b(The) 33 b(output) e(of) i(the) f(sp) r(eec) n(h) 2040
4898 y(recognizer) 39 b(can) e(tak) n(e) f(sev) n(eral) i(di\013eren) n
(t) f(forms,) k(but) 36 b(the) h(basic) 2040 4985 y(result) 30
b(is) g(a) f(text) g(string) h(that) f(is) h(the) f(recognizer's) i(b) r
(est) f(guess) g(of) 2040 5072 y(what) 20 b(the) g(user) g(said.) 33
b(Man) n(y) 20 b(recognizers) h(can) f(pro) n(vide) g(additional) 2040
5159 y(information) 25 b(suc) n(h) f(as) g(a) h(lattice) f(of) h
(results,) g(or) f(an) g(N-b) r(est) f(rank) n(ed) 2040
5246 y(list) k(of) h(results) f(\(in) g(case) g(the) f(later) i(stages)
g(of) f(pro) r(cessing) h(wish) f(to) 2040 5333 y(reject) j(the) e
(recognizer's) j(top) d(c) n(hoice\).) 45 b(A) 28 b(go) r(o) r(d) i(in)
n(tro) r(duction) e(to) 2040 5421 y(sp) r(eec) n(h) e(recognition) h
(is) f(a) n(v) l(ailable) h(in) e([10].) 2115 5508 y(The) 20
b(stages) i(after) f(sp) r(eec) n(h) g(recognition) g(v) l(ary) f(dep) r
(ending) g(on) g(the) 2040 5595 y(application) 36 b(and) e(the) g(t) n
(yp) r(es) g(of) h(pro) r(cessing) h(required.) 61 b(Fig.) 36
b(13) 2040 5682 y(presen) n(ts) 25 b(t) n(w) n(o) h(additional) h
(phases) e(that) g(are) h(commonly) g(included) p 90 rotate
dyy eop
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8 7 bop Fh -152 239 a(in) 33 b(sp) r(ok) n(en) f(language) i(pro) r
(cessing) f(systems) g(in) g(one) f(form) h(or) g(an-) -152
326 y(other.) 66 b(W) -6 b(e) 35 b(will) j(broadly) d(refer) i(to) f
(the) g(\014rst) g(p) r(ost-recognition) -152 413 y(stage) 26
b(as) f(natural) g(language) h(pro) r(cessing) g(\(NLP\).) f(NLP) f(is)
i(a) f(large) -152 500 y(\014eld) 31 b(in) f(its) i(o) n(wn) f(righ) n
(t) f(and) h(includes) g(man) n(y) f(sub-areas) h(suc) n(h) f(as) -152
587 y(parsing,) e(seman) n(tic) f(in) n(terpretation,) h(kno) n(wledge)
f(represen) n(tation,) -152 674 y(and) 38 b(sp) r(eec) n(h) f(acts;) 44
b(an) 38 b(excellen) n(t) g(in) n(tro) r(duction) f(is) h(a) n(v) l
(ailable) h(in) -152 762 y(Allen's) 34 b(classic) h([1].) 59
b(Our) 32 b(presen) n(tation) i(in) f(this) h(pap) r(er) f(has) h(as-)
-152 849 y(sumed) 26 b(NLP) g(supp) r(ort) g(for) h(slot-\014lling) h
(\(i.e.,) f(determining) g(v) l(alues) -152 936 y(for) g(slot) f(v) l
(ariables) h(from) f(user) g(input\).) -77 1023 y(Slot-\014lling) 35
b(is) g(commonly) g(ac) n(hiev) n(ed) g(b) n(y) e(de\014ning) h(parts) h
(of) g(a) -152 1110 y(language) c(mo) r(del) g(and) e(asso) r(ciating) k
(them) c(with) h(slots.) 48 b(The) 30 b(lan-) -152 1197
y(guage) j(mo) r(del) f(could) f(b) r(e) g(sp) r(eci\014ed) h(as) g(a) f
(con) n(text-free) h(grammar) -152 1285 y(or) d(as) f(a) g
(statistically-based) i(mo) r(del) e(suc) n(h) g(as) g(n-grams.) 42
b(Here) 27 b(w) n(e) -152 1372 y(fo) r(cus) e(on) f(the) g(former:) 35
b(in) 24 b(this) g(approac) n(h,) h(slots) g(can) f(b) r(e) g(sp) r
(eci\014ed) -152 1459 y(within) 30 b(the) g(pro) r(ductions) g(of) g(a)
g(con) n(text-free) g(grammar) h(\(akin) f(to) -152 1546
y(a) 36 b(attribute) f(grammar\)) h(or) g(they) e(can) h(b) r(e) g
(asso) r(ciated) j(with) d(the) -152 1633 y(non-terminals) 26
b(in) g(the) f(grammar.) -77 1720 y(W) -6 b(e) 33 b(will) i(refer) f
(to) g(the) f(next) g(phase) g(of) i(pro) r(cessing) g(as) f(simply)
-152 1808 y(`dialog) 21 b(managemen) n(t') g(\(see) e(Fig.) i(13\).) 33
b(In) 19 b(this) g(phase,) i(augmen) n(ted) -152 1895
y(results) k(from) g(the) f(NLP) g(stage) h(are) g(incorp) r(orated) g
(in) n(to) f(the) g(dialog) -152 1982 y(and) f(an) n(y) g(asso) r
(ciated) i(logic) g(of) f(the) f(application) h(is) g(executed.) 33
b(The) -152 2069 y(job) 26 b(of) g(the) f(dialog) h(manager) g(is) g
(to) f(trac) n(k) g(the) g(pro) r(ceedings) h(of) g(the) -152
2156 y(dialog) i(and) f(to) g(generate) g(appropriate) g(resp) r
(onses.) 39 b(This) 27 b(is) g(often) -152 2244 y(done) c(within) g
(some) g(logical) j(pro) r(cessing) e(framew) n(ork) g(and) e(a) h
(dialog) -152 2331 y(mo) r(del) h(\(in) e(our) h(case,) i(a) e(dialog) i
(script\)) e(is) g(supplied) g(as) g(input) f(that) -152
2418 y(is) j(sp) r(eci\014c) g(to) f(the) g(particular) h(application) h
(b) r(eing) e(designed.) 35 b(The) -152 2505 y(execution) 18
b(of) g(the) f(logic) i(on) f(the) f(dialog) i(mo) r(del) f(\(script\))
g(results) g(in) f(a) -152 2592 y(resp) r(onse) 23 b(that) f(can) g(b) r
(e) g(presen) n(ted) f(bac) n(k) h(to) g(the) g(user.) 33
b(Sometimes) -152 2679 y(resp) r(onse) 19 b(generation) h(is) e
(separated) h(out) f(in) n(to) h(a) f(subsequen) n(t) f(stage.) p
Fi -152 2865 a(3.1) 99 b(The) 26 b(V) -10 b(oiceXML) 26
b(Dialog) d(Management) 72 2962 y(Ar) n(chite) r(ctur) n(e) p
Fh -77 3070 a(There) 41 b(are) h(man) n(y) e(tec) n(hnologies) j(and) e
(deliv) n(ery) f(mec) n(hanisms) -152 3157 y(a) n(v) l(ailable) 34
b(for) g(implemen) n(ting) g(Fig.) g(13's) g(basic) g(comp) r(onen) n
(ts.) 56 b(A) -152 3244 y(p) r(opular) 19 b(implemen) n(tation) h(can) f
(b) r(e) f(seen) h(in) g(the) f(V) -6 b(oiceXML) 19 b(dialog) -152
3331 y(managemen) n(t) 24 b(arc) n(hitecture.) 34 b(V) -6
b(oiceXML) 23 b(is) h(a) g(markup) e(language) -152 3418
y(designed) 30 b(to) g(simplify) g(the) g(construction) g(of) g(v) n
(oice-resp) r(onse) g(ap-) -152 3505 y(plications) f([4].) 42
b(Initiated) 28 b(b) n(y) e(a) i(committee) h(comprising) g(A) -6
b(T&T,) -152 3593 y(IBM,) 24 b(Lucen) n(t) f(T) -6 b(ec) n(hnologies,)
26 b(and) c(Motorola,) 27 b(it) c(has) g(emerged) h(as) -152
3680 y(a) 32 b(standard) g(in) g(telephone-based) f(v) n(oice) h(user) g
(in) n(terfaces) h(and) f(in) -152 3767 y(deliv) n(ering) h(w) n(eb) f
(con) n(ten) n(t) g(b) n(y) f(v) n(oice.) 54 b(W) -6
b(e) 32 b(will) i(hence) e(co) n(v) n(er) g(this) -152
3854 y(arc) n(hitecture) 26 b(in) g(detail.) -77 3941
y(The) j(basic) h(idea) g(is) f(to) g(describ) r(e) h(in) n(teraction) f
(sequences) g(using) -152 4028 y(a) 24 b(markup) e(notation) h(in) g(a)
g(V) -6 b(oiceXML) p Fd 23 w(do) l(cument.) p Fh 35 w(As) 22
b(the) h(V) -6 b(oice-) -152 4116 y(XML) 21 b(sp) r(eci\014cation) g
([4]) h(indicates,) h(a) d(V) -6 b(oiceXML) 21 b(do) r(cumen) n(t) f
(con-) -152 4203 y(stitutes) 29 b(a) f(con) n(v) n(ersational) h
(\014nite) f(state) g(mac) n(hine) g(and) g(describ) r(es) -152
4290 y(a) f(sequence) g(of) g(in) n(teractions) h(\(b) r(oth) e
(\014xed-) g(and) g(mixed-initiativ) n(e) -152 4377 y(are) 39
b(supp) r(orted\).) 71 b(A) 38 b(w) n(eb) g(serv) n(er) g(can) h(serv) n
(e) f(V) -6 b(oiceXML) 38 b(do) r(c-) -152 4464 y(umen) n(ts) c(using) g
(the) f(HTTP) h(proto) r(col) h(\(Fig.) g(14,) i(righ) n(t\),) f(just) e
(as) -152 4552 y(easily) j(as) g(HTML) f(do) r(cumen) n(ts) g(are) g
(curren) n(tly) f(serv) n(ed) g(o) n(v) n(er) h(the) -152
4639 y(In) n(ternet) g(\(Fig.) h(14,) j(left\).) 68 b(In) 36
b(addition,) k(v) n(oice-based) c(applica-) -152 4726
y(tions) e(require) e(a) i(suitable) f(deliv) n(ery) g(platform,) j
(illustrated) e(b) n(y) d(a) -152 4813 y(telephone) 37
b(in) g(Fig.) h(14) f(\(righ) n(t\).) 68 b(The) 37 b(v) n(oice-bro) n
(wser) h(platform) -152 4900 y(in) 28 b(Fig.) g(14) g(\(righ) n(t\)) f
(includes) h(the) f(V) -6 b(oiceXML) 28 b(in) n(terpreter) f(whic) n(h)
-152 4987 y(pro) r(cesses) 19 b(the) e(do) r(cumen) n(ts,) j(monitors) e
(user) g(inputs,) g(streams) h(mes-) -152 5075 y(sages,) 43
b(and) 37 b(p) r(erforms) i(other) f(functions) g(exp) r(ected) g(of) g
(a) g(dialog) -152 5162 y(managemen) n(t) i(system.) 75
b(Besides) 40 b(the) f(V) -6 b(oiceXML) 39 b(in) n(terpreter,) -152
5249 y(the) 30 b(v) n(oice-bro) n(wser) h(platform) g(t) n(ypically) f
(includes) g(a) g(sp) r(eec) n(h) g(rec-) -152 5336 y(ognizer,) 40
b(a) c(sp) r(eec) n(h) f(syn) n(thesizer,) k(and) c(telephon) n(y) g
(in) n(terfaces) i(to) -152 5423 y(help) 26 b(realize) h(these) f(asp) r
(ects) g(of) h(v) n(oice-based) e(in) n(teraction.) -77
5510 y(Dialog) d(sp) r(eci\014cation) g(in) f(a) h(V) -6
b(oiceXML) 21 b(do) r(cumen) n(t) f(in) n(v) n(olv) n(es) h(or-) -152
5598 y(ganizing) 33 b(a) e(sequence) g(of) p Fd 33 w(forms) p
Fh 31 w(and) p Fd 31 w(menus) p Fh(.) 52 b(F) -6 b(orms) 32
b(sp) r(ecify) f(a) -152 5685 y(set) d(of) g(slots) g(\(called) g
(\014eld) f(item) h(v) l(ariables\)) g(that) e(are) i(to) g(b) r(e) f
(\014lled) 2040 239 y(b) n(y) j(user) g(input.) 48 b(Men) n(us) 31
b(are) g(syn) n(tactic) g(shorthands) f(\(m) n(uc) n(h) f(lik) n(e) 2040
326 y(a) p Fb 38 w(case) p Fh 38 w(construct\);) 44 b(since) 38
b(they) f(in) n(v) n(olv) n(e) g(only) g(one) h(\014eld) f(item) 2040
413 y(v) l(ariable) 30 b(\(argumen) n(t\),) h(there) f(are) h(no) e
(opp) r(ortunities) i(for) f(mixing) 2040 500 y(initiativ) n(e.) 51
b(W) -6 b(e) 31 b(do) g(not) g(discuss) h(men) n(us) e(further) h(in) g
(this) g(pap) r(er.) 2040 587 y(An) 26 b(example) h(V) -6
b(oiceXML) 28 b(do) r(cumen) n(t) e(for) i(our) f(pizza) g(application)
2040 674 y(is) f(giv) n(en) g(in) f(Fig.) i(15.) 2115
762 y(As) 18 b(sho) n(wn) h(in) g(Fig.) g(15,) i(the) e(pizza) g
(dialog) h(consists) g(of) f(t) n(w) n(o) g(forms.) 2040
849 y(The) g(\014rst) g(form) g(\() p Fb(welcome) p Fh(\)) i(merely) e
(w) n(elcomes) h(the) f(user) g(and) f(tran-) 2040 936
y(sitions) 31 b(to) f(the) f(second.) 47 b(The) p Fb
30 w(place) p 3170 936 24 4 v 29 w(order) p Fh 31 w(form) 31
b(in) n(v) n(olv) n(es) e(four) p Fb 2040 1023 a(field) p
Fh(s) f(\(slot) f(v) l(ariables\)) g(|) f(the) g(\014rst) g(three) g
(co) n(v) n(er) g(the) g(pizza) h(at-) 2040 1110 y(tributes) 19
b(and) f(the) h(fourth) f(mo) r(dels) i(the) e(con\014rmation) i(v) l
(ariable) f(\(re-) 2040 1197 y(call) 37 b(the) e(dialogs) j(in) e
(Section) g(1\).) 65 b(In) 35 b(particular,) k(prompts) d(for) 2040
1285 y(soliciting) k(user) d(input) g(in) h(eac) n(h) f(of) i(the) e
(\014elds) h(are) g(sp) r(eci\014ed) g(in) 2040 1372
y(Fig.) 27 b(15.) 2115 1459 y(In) n(teractions) h(in) f(a) h(V) -6
b(oiceXML) 27 b(application) i(pro) r(ceed) f(just) f(lik) n(e) 2040
1546 y(a) 21 b(w) n(eb) g(application) h(except) f(that) f(instead) i
(of) f(clic) n(king) h(on) f(a) g(h) n(yp) r(er-) 2040
1633 y(link) i(\(to) h(goto) g(a) g(new) f(state\),) i(the) e(user) g
(talks) h(in) n(to) f(a) h(microphone.) 2040 1720 y(The) 32
b(V) -6 b(oiceXML) 31 b(in) n(terpreter) g(then) g(determines) h(the) f
(next) f(state) 2040 1808 y(to) d(mo) n(v) n(e) g(to.) 38
b(An) n(y) 25 b(appropriate) j(resp) r(onses) f(\(to) g(user) g
(input\)) f(and) 2040 1895 y(prompts) 32 b(are) g(deliv) n(ered) f(o) n
(v) n(er) h(a) g(sp) r(eak) n(er.) 53 b(The) 32 b(core) g(of) h(the) e
(in-) 2040 1982 y(terpreter) 26 b(is) h(a) f(so-called) i(form) f(in) n
(terpretation) f(algorithm) h(\(FIA\)) 2040 2069 y(that) 35
b(driv) n(es) f(the) g(in) n(teraction.) 63 b(In) 34
b(Fig.) i(15,) i(the) c(\014elds) h(pro) n(vide) 2040
2156 y(for) 29 b(a) g(\014xed-initiativ) n(e,) f(system-directed) g(in)
n(teraction.) 43 b(The) 28 b(FIA) 2040 2244 y(simply) c(visits) g(all) h
(\014elds) f(in) g(the) f(order) h(they) f(are) i(presen) n(ted) e(in) h
(the) 2040 2331 y(do) r(cumen) n(t.) 39 b(Once) 27 b(all) h(\014elds) g
(are) g(\014lled,) g(a) g(c) n(hec) n(k) e(is) i(made) g(to) f(en-) 2040
2418 y(sure) i(that) g(the) g(con\014rmation) g(w) n(as) h(successful;)
j(if) d(not,) g(the) f(\014elds) 2040 2505 y(are) 34
b(cleared) g(\(notice) g(the) p Fb 33 w(clear) 40 b(namelist) p
Fh 35 w(tag\)) 34 b(and) f(the) g(FIA) 2040 2592 y(will) g(pro) r(ceed)
f(to) p Fb 32 w(prompt) p Fh 33 w(for) g(the) g(inputs) f(again,) j
(starting) f(from) 2040 2679 y(the) 25 b(\014rst) h(un\014lled) f
(\014eld) g(|) p Fb 26 w(size) p Fh(.) 2115 2767 y(The) i(form) h(in) f
(Fig.) i(15) e(is) h(referred) g(to) f(as) h(a) g(directed) f(one) g
(since) 2040 2854 y(the) g(computer) f(has) h(the) g(initiativ) n(e) g
(at) g(all) h(times) f(and) g(the) p Fb 26 w(field) p
Fh(s) 2040 2941 y(are) 38 b(\014lled) f(in) f(a) i(strictly) f(sequen) n
(tial) g(order.) 68 b(T) -6 b(o) 38 b(mak) n(e) f(the) f(in-) 2040
3028 y(teraction) 24 b(mixed-initiativ) n(e) f(\(with) g(resp) r(ect) h
(to) p Fb 23 w(size) p Fh(,) p Fb 25 w(crust) p Fh(,) h(and) p
Fb 2040 3115 a(topping) p Fh(\),) d(the) c(programmer) h(merely) g(has)
g(to) f(sp) r(ecify) i(a) p Fd 18 w(form-level) 2040
3202 y(gr) l(ammar) p Fh 36 w(that) 34 b(describ) r(es) i(p) r
(ossibilities) h(for) f(slot-\014lling) g(from) f(a) 2040
3290 y(user) 30 b(utterance.) 46 b(An) 29 b(example) h(form-lev) n(el) g
(grammar) h(\014le) f(\() p Fb(size) 2040 3377 y(toppingcrust.gram) p
Fh(\)) 36 b(is) d(giv) n(en) f(in) h(Fig.) g(16.) 56
b(The) 32 b(pro) r(ductions) 2040 3464 y(for) p Fb 38
w(sizetoppingcrust) p Fh 42 w(co) n(v) n(er) 37 b(all) h(p) r
(ossibilities) i(of) f(\014lling) f(slot) 2040 3551 y(v) l(ariables) 30
b(from) f(user) g(input,) g(including) g(m) n(ultiple) g(slots) h
(\014lled) f(b) n(y) 2040 3638 y(a) 35 b(giv) n(en) f(utterance,) j
(and) e(v) l(arious) f(p) r(erm) n(utations) h(of) h(sp) r(ecifying)
2040 3725 y(pizza) 23 b(attributes.) 33 b(The) 23 b(grammar) g(is) g
(asso) r(ciated) h(with) e(the) g(dialog) 2040 3813 y(script) k(b) n(y)
f(including) g(the) h(line:) p Fb 2197 3964 a()
p Fh 2040 4203 a(just) 25 b(b) r(efore) g(the) f(de\014nition) g(of) i
(the) e(\014rst) p Fb 24 w(field) p Fh 26 w(\(size\)) h(in) f(Fig.) i
(15.) 2115 4290 y(The) c(form-lev) n(el) g(grammar) h(con) n(tains) g
(pro) r(ductions) e(for) i(the) e(v) l(ar-) 2040 4377
y(ious) 32 b(c) n(hoices) g(a) n(v) l(ailable) g(for) h(size,) g
(topping,) g(and) e(crust) g(and) g(also) 2040 4464 y(quali\014es) g
(all) g(p) r(ossible) g(parses) g(for) g(a) f(giv) n(en) g(utterance) g
(\(mo) r(deled) 2040 4552 y(b) n(y) c(the) h(non-terminal) p
Fb 27 w(sizetoppingcrust) p Fh(\).) 41 b(An) n(y) 26
b(v) l(alid) h(com) n(bi-) 2040 4639 y(nation) c(of) g(the) f(three) g
(pizza) h(asp) r(ects) g(uttered) f(b) n(y) f(the) i(user) f(\(in) g
(an) n(y) 2040 4726 y(order\)) 32 b(is) g(recognized) g(and) f(the) g
(appropriate) h(slot) h(v) l(ariables) f(are) 2040 4813
y(instan) n(tiated.) i(T) -6 b(o) 25 b(see) f(wh) n(y) g(this) g(also) h
(ac) n(hiev) n(es) f(mixed-initiativ) n(e,) 2040 4900
y(let) i(us) g(consider) g(the) f(FIA) g(in) h(more) g(detail.) 2115
4987 y(Fig.) f(17) g(repro) r(duces) f(the) f(salien) n(t) i(asp) r
(ects) g(of) g(the) f(FIA) f(relev) l(an) n(t) 2040 5075
y(for) 29 b(our) f(discussion.) 43 b(Compare) 29 b(the) e(basic) i
(elemen) n(ts) g(of) g(the) e(FIA) 2040 5162 y(to) 22
b(the) g(stages) h(in) f(Fig.) g(5) h(\(righ) n(t\).) 33
b(The) 22 b(Select) g(phase) g(corresp) r(onds) 2040
5249 y(to) j(the) f(in) n(terpreter,) h(the) g(Collect) h(phase) f
(gathers) g(the) f(user) h(input,) 2040 5336 y(and) 34
b(actions) h(tak) n(en) e(in) h(the) g(Pro) r(cess) i(phase) e(mimic) h
(the) f(partial) 2040 5423 y(ev) l(aluator.) 73 b(Recall) 39
b(that) f(`programs') i(\(scripts\)) e(in) g(V) -6 b(oiceXML) 2040
5510 y(can) 22 b(b) r(e) h(mo) r(deled) f(b) n(y) g(\014nite-state) g
(mac) n(hines,) h(hence) f(the) g(mec) n(han-) 2040 5598
y(ics) j(of) f(partial) h(ev) l(aluation) f(are) g(considerably) h
(simpli\014ed) f(and) f(just) 2040 5685 y(amoun) n(t) j(to) h
(\014lling) g(the) f(slot) h(and) f(tagging) i(it) f(as) g(\014lled.) 37
b(Since) 26 b(the) p 90 rotate dyy eop
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3964 4891 V -84 4894 4050 4 v Fg 522 5037 a(Figure) 29
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10 9 bop -84 190 4050 4 v -86 1587 4 1397 v Fb -40 254
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({this.crust=$}) h(|) 78 1038 y() f({this.crust=$}) h([) f
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1125 y() e({this.crust=$}) h() g({this.topping=$}) h
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b(sausage) 41 b(|) f(pepperoni) h(|) e(onions) i(|) e(green) i
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1734 a(Figure) 21 b(16:) 35 b(A) 20 b(form-lev) n(el) f(grammar) j(to) f
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1821 y(in) n(teraction.) p 96 1954 3690 4 v 94 3880 4
1927 v Fb 140 2023 a(While) 41 b(\(true\)) 140 2110 y({) 454
2198 y(//) f(SELECT) h(PHASE) 454 2285 y(Select) g(the) f(first) g
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2372 y(\(e.g.,) h(unfilled\)) 533 2459 y(If) e(no) h(such) g(form) g
(item,) h(exit) 454 2633 y(//) f(COLLECT) h(PHASE) 454
2721 y(Queue) g(up) e(any) h(prompts) h(for) f(the) g(form) g(item) 454
2808 y(Get) g(an) g(utterance) h(from) f(the) g(user) 454
2982 y(//) g(PROCESS) h(PHASE) 454 3069 y(foreach) g(\(slot) f(in) g
(user's) h(utterance\)) 454 3157 y({) 729 3244 y(if) f(\(slot) g
(corresponds) i(to) d(a) h(field) g(item\)) h({) 925
3331 y(copy) f(slot) g(values) h(into) f(field) g(item) h(variables) 925
3418 y(set) f(field) g(item's) h(`just_filled') h(flag) 729
3505 y(}) 454 3592 y(}) 454 3680 y(//) e(some) g(code) g(for) g
(executing) h(any) f(`filled') h(actions) g(triggered) 140
3767 y(}) p 3784 3880 V 96 3883 3690 4 v Fg -152 4031
a(Figure) 33 b(17:) 45 b(Outline) 33 b(of) g(the) f(form) i(in) n
(terpretation) f(algorithm) g(\(FIA\)) g(in) f(the) h(V) -7
b(oiceXML) 31 b(dialog) i(managemen) n(t) e(arc) n(hi-) -152
4118 y(tecture.) 40 b(Adapted) 29 b(from) h([4].) p 396
4270 3090 4 v 394 5492 4 1223 v Fb 440 4333 a(#JSGF) 41
b(V1.0;) 440 4507 y(grammar) g(sizetoppingcrust;) 440
4681 y(public) g() i(=) d(*;) 440
4856 y() h(=) f() g({this.size=$}) i(|) 715
4943 y() f({this.crust=$}) h(|) 715 5030 y() f
({this.topping=$};) 440 5204 y() g(=) f(small) g(|) f(medium) i
(|) e(large;) 440 5292 y() j(=) 78 b(sausage) 41
b(|) f(pepperoni) h(|) e(onions) i(|) e(green) i(peppers;) 440
5379 y() g(=) f(regular) h(|) e(deep) h(dish) g(|) g(thin;) p
3484 5492 V 396 5495 3090 4 v Fg -152 5639 a(Figure) 26
b(18:) 37 b(A) 26 b(alternativ) n(e) f(form-lev) n(el) f(grammar) i(to)
h(realize) e(mixed-initiativ) n(e) e(in) n(teraction) j(with) g(the) g
(script) g(in) g(Fig.) f(15.) p 90 rotate dyy eop
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11 10 bop Fh -152 239 a(FIA) 24 b(rep) r(eatedly) h(executes) f(while) i
(there) e(are) h(un\014lled) f(form) h(items) -152 326
y(remaining,) 30 b(the) e(pro) r(cessing) h(phase) f(\(Pro) r(cess\)) i
(is) e(e\013ectiv) n(ely) g(pa-) -152 413 y(rameterized) d(b) n(y) d
(the) h(form-lev) n(el) h(grammar) h(\014le.) 34 b(In) 22
b(other) i(w) n(ords,) -152 500 y(the) 31 b(form-lev) n(el) g(grammar) h
(\014le) f(not) g(only) g(enables) g(slot) h(\014lling,) p
Fd 33 w(it) -152 587 y(also) e(implicitly) e(dir) l(e) l(cts) j(the) g
(staging) f(of) f(inter) l(actions) j(for) d(mixe) l(d-) -152
674 y(initiative.) p Fh 32 w(When) 21 b(the) g(user) g(sp) r(eci\014es)
h(`p) r(ep) r(erroni) g(medium') f(in) g(an) -152 762
y(utterance,) 26 b(not) f(only) f(do) r(es) i(the) f(grammar) h(\014le)
f(enable) g(the) g(recog-) -152 849 y(nition) i(of) g(the) f(slots) i
(they) e(corresp) r(ond) h(to) f(\(topping) h(and) f(size\),) i(it) -152
936 y(also) c(enables) g(the) e(FIA) g(to) h(simplify) h(these) e
(slots) i(\(and) f(mark) f(them) -152 1023 y(as) 27 b(`\014lled') f
(for) h(subsequen) n(t) d(in) n(teractions\).) -77 1110
y(The) 33 b(form-lev) n(el) h(grammar) h(\014le) e(sho) n(wn) h(in) f
(Fig.) h(16) g(\(whic) n(h) f(is) -152 1197 y(also) 27
b(a) e(sp) r(eci\014cation) i(of) f(in) n(teraction) g(staging\)) g(ma)
n(y) f(mak) n(e) g(V) -6 b(oice-) -152 1285 y(XML's) 32
b(design) g(app) r(ear) g(o) n(v) n(erly) f(complex.) 52
b(In) 30 b(realit) n(y) -6 b(,) 34 b(ho) n(w) n(ev) n(er,) -152
1372 y(w) n(e) g(could) g(ha) n(v) n(e) f(used) g(the) h(v) l(anilla) g
(form-lev) n(el) g(grammar) h(\014le) f(in) -152 1459
y(Fig.) d(18.) 47 b(While) 29 b(helping) h(to) g(realize) h
(mixed-initiativ) n(e,) f(the) g(new) -152 1546 y(form-lev) n(el) 40
b(\014le) e(\(as) h(do) r(es) g(our) f(mo) r(del\)) h(also) h(allo) n
(ws) g(the) e(p) r(ossi-) -152 1633 y(bilit) n(y) 28
b(of) h(utterances) f(suc) n(h) g(as) g(`p) r(epp) r(eroni) h(p) r(epp)
r(eroni,') g(or) f(ev) n(en,) -152 1720 y(`p) r(epp) r(eroni) h
(sausage!') 44 b(Suitable) 28 b(seman) n(tics) h(for) g(suc) n(h) f
(situations) -152 1808 y(\(including) 36 b(the) e(role) j(of) f
(side-e\013ects\)) f(can) g(b) r(e) h(de\014ned) e(and) h(ac-) -152
1895 y(commo) r(dated) k(in) f(b) r(oth) f(the) h(V) -6
b(oiceXML) 38 b(mo) r(del) g(and) g(ours.) 71 b(It) -152
1982 y(should) 19 b(th) n(us) f(b) r(e) g(ob) n(vious) h(to) g(the) f
(reader) i(that) e(V) -6 b(oiceXML's) 19 b(dialog) -152
2069 y(managemen) n(t) 27 b(arc) n(hitecture) f(is) g(actually) h
(implemen) n(ting) f(a) g(mixed) -152 2156 y(ev) l(aluation) h(mo) r
(del) g(\(for) g(con) n(v) n(ersational) h(\014nite) e(state) h(mac) n
(hines\),) -152 2244 y(comprising) g(in) n(terpretation) f(and) f
(partial) i(ev) l(aluation.) -77 2331 y(The) 36 b(V) -6
b(oiceXML) 36 b(sp) r(eci\014cation) g([4]) h(refers) g(to) f(the) f
(form-lev) n(el) -152 2418 y(\014le) 28 b(as) h(a) f(`grammar) h
(\014le,') g(when) f(it) f(is) i(actually) f(also) h(a) f(sp) r
(eci\014ca-) -152 2505 y(tion) 34 b(of) g(staging.) 59
b(Ev) n(en) 33 b(though) g(the) g(grammar) h(\014le) g(serv) n(es) f
(the) -152 2592 y(role) e(of) f(a) f(language) i(mo) r(del) f(in) f(a) h
(v) n(oice) g(application,) i(w) n(e) e(b) r(eliev) n(e) -152
2679 y(that) g(recognizing) i(its) e(t) n(w) n(o) g(functionalities) i
(is) f(imp) r(ortan) n(t) f(in) g(un-) -152 2767 y(derstanding) 25
b(mixed-initiativ) n(e) f(system) g(design.) 35 b(A) 24
b(case) h(in) f(p) r(oin) n(t) -152 2854 y(is) j(our) g(study) f(of) h
(p) r(ersonalizing) h(in) n(teraction) g(with) e(w) n(eb) h(sites) g
([15]) -152 2941 y(\(see) i(also) g(Fig.) g(12\).) 42
b(There) 28 b(is) g(no) g(requiremen) n(t) f(for) i(a) f(`grammar) -152
3028 y(\014le,') h(as) f(there) f(is) h(usually) f(no) g(am) n(biguit) n
(y) h(ab) r(out) f(user) g(clic) n(ks) h(and) -152 3115
y(t) n(yp) r(ed-in) k(k) n(eyw) n(ords.) 59 b(Sp) r(eci\014cations) 34
b(in) g(this) g(application) g(th) n(us) -152 3202 y(serv) n(e) 24
b(to) h(asso) r(ciate) h(v) l(alues) f(with) f(program) h(v) l
(ariables) g(and) f(do) g(not) -152 3290 y(explicitly) i(capture) g
(the) g(staging) h(of) g(in) n(teractions.) 37 b(The) 26
b(adv) l(an) n(ta-) -152 3377 y(geous) 32 b(of) f(partial) g(ev) l
(aluation) g(for) h(in) n(teraction) f(staging) g(are) g(th) n(us) -152
3464 y(ob) n(vious.) p Fi -152 3659 a(3.2) 99 b(Other) 26
b(Implementation) g(T) -9 b(echnologies) p Fh -77 3767
a(V) j(oiceXML's) 23 b(FIA) e(th) n(us) h(includes) g(nativ) n(e) g
(supp) r(ort) g(for) h(slot) g(\014ll-) -152 3854 y(ing,) i(slot) g
(simpli\014cation,) h(and) d(in) n(teraction) i(staging.) 35
b(All) 24 b(of) h(these) -152 3941 y(are) 36 b(functions) g(enabled) f
(b) n(y) g(partial) h(ev) l(aluation) g(in) f(our) h(mo) r(del.) -152
4028 y(T) -6 b(able) 32 b(1) f(con) n(trasts) h(t) n(w) n(o) f(other) g
(implemen) n(tation) g(approac) n(hes) h(in) -152 4116
y(terms) f(of) h(these) f(asp) r(ects.) 51 b(In) 30 b(a) h(purely) g
(slot-\014lling) h(system,) g(na-) -152 4203 y(tiv) n(e) e(supp) r(ort)
f(is) i(pro) n(vided) e(for) h(simplifying) h(slots) g(from) g(user) f
(ut-) -152 4290 y(terances) k(but) e(extra) g(co) r(de) h(needs) g(to) g
(b) r(e) g(written) g(to) g(mo) r(del) g(the) -152 4377
y(con) n(trol) f(logic) g(\(for) f(instance,) i(`the) e(user) f(still) i
(didn't) e(sp) r(ecify) i(his) -152 4464 y(c) n(hoice) 25
b(of) g(size,) h(so) e(the) g(question) g(for) h(size) g(should) f(b) r
(e) g(rep) r(eated.'\).) -152 4552 y(Sev) n(eral) 19
b(commercial) i(sp) r(eec) n(h) d(recognition) i(v) n(endors) f(pro) n
(vide) f(APIs) -152 4639 y(that) 30 b(op) r(erate) h(at) f(this) g(lev)
n(el.) 48 b(In) 30 b(addition,) i(man) n(y) d(v) n(endors) h(sup-) -152
4726 y(p) r(ort) 25 b(lo) n(w-lev) n(el) h(APIs) e(that) h(pro) n(vide)
f(basic) h(access) i(to) d(recognition) -152 4813 y(results) g(\(i.e.,)
h(text) e(strings\)) h(but) e(do) h(not) g(p) r(erform) h(an) n(y) f
(additional) -152 4900 y(pro) r(cessing.) 35 b(W) -6
b(e) 21 b(refer) h(to) f(these) g(as) h(recognizer-only) g(APIs.) 33
b(They) -152 4987 y(serv) n(e) 18 b(more) h(as) g(ra) n(w) g(sp) r(eec)
n(h) f(recognition) i(engines) e(and) g(require) g(sig-) -152
5075 y(ni\014can) n(t) k(programming) i(to) f(\014rst) f(implemen) n(t)
g(a) h(slot-\014lling) g(engine) -152 5162 y(and,) 29
b(later,) g(con) n(trol) f(logic) h(to) f(mimic) h(all) f(p) r(ossible)
h(opp) r(ortunities) -152 5249 y(for) f(staging.) 38
b(Examples) 26 b(of) i(the) e(t) n(w) n(o) g(latter) h(tec) n
(hnologies) h(can) f(b) r(e) -152 5336 y(seen) j(in) g(the) f
(commercial) i(telephone-based) f(sp) r(eec) n(h) f(recognition) -152
5423 y(mark) n(et) 22 b(\(from) g(companies) g(suc) n(h) f(as) h
(Nuance,) g(Sp) r(eec) n(hW) -6 b(orks,) 22 b(and) -152
5510 y(IBM\).) i(The) f(study) f(presen) n(ted) h(in) f(this) i(pap) r
(er) f(suggests) h(a) f(system-) -152 5598 y(atic) 29
b(w) n(a) n(y) e(b) n(y) g(whic) n(h) h(their) g(capabilities) h(for) g
(mixed-initiativ) n(e) e(in-) -152 5685 y(teraction) 21
b(can) g(b) r(e) f(assessed.) 34 b(T) -6 b(able) 21 b(1) f(also) i(sho)
n(ws) f(that) f(in) g(the) g(lat-) 2040 239 y(ter) 28
b(t) n(w) n(o) h(soft) n(w) n(are) h(tec) n(hnologies,) h(our) e
(partial) g(ev) l(aluation) g(mo) r(del) 2040 326 y(can) c(b) r(e) h
(implemen) n(ted) f(to) g(ac) n(hiev) n(e) g(mixed-initiativ) n(e) h
(in) n(teraction.) p Fi 2040 521 a(4.) 99 b(DISCUSSION) p
Fh 2115 629 a(Our) 26 b(w) n(ork) h(mak) n(es) g(con) n(tributions) f
(to) h(b) r(oth) g(partial) g(ev) l(aluation) 2040 716
y(and) g(mixed-initiativ) n(e) g(in) n(teraction.) 40
b(F) -6 b(or) 28 b(the) f(partial) h(ev) l(aluation) 2040
803 y(comm) n(unit) n(y) -6 b(,) 42 b(w) n(e) d(ha) n(v) n(e) g(iden) n
(ti\014ed) f(a) i(no) n(v) n(el) f(application) h(where) 2040
890 y(the) f(motiv) l(ation) h(is) h(the) e(staging) i(of) f(in) n
(teraction) g(\(rather) g(than) 2040 977 y(sp) r(eedup\).) 60
b(Since) 34 b(programs) h(\(dialogs\)) h(are) f(used) f(as) h(sp) r
(eci\014ca-) 2040 1065 y(tions) i(of) h(in) n(teraction,) i(they) c
(are) p Fd 37 w(written) j(to) g(b) l(e) f(p) l(artial) t(ly) g(eval-)
2040 1152 y(uate) l(d) p Fh(;) h(partial) 34 b(ev) l(aluation) f(is) h
(hence) f(not) g(an) g(`afterthough) n(t') h(or) 2040
1239 y(an) k(optimization.) 71 b(An) 37 b(in) n(teresting) h(researc) n
(h) g(issue) g(is:) 59 b(Giv) n(en) 2040 1326 y(\(i\)) 34
b(a) h(set) g(of) g(in) n(teraction) g(sequences,) i(and) d(\(ii\)) h
(addressable) g(in-) 2040 1413 y(formation) 23 b(\(suc) n(h) e(as) h
(argumen) n(ts) g(and) f(slot) h(v) l(ariables\),) i(determine) 2040
1500 y(\(iii\)) e(the) f(smallest) i(program) f(so) g(that) f(ev) n
(ery) g(in) n(teraction) h(sequence) 2040 1588 y(can) 29
b(b) r(e) g(staged) g(in) g(a) g(mo) r(del) g(suc) n(h) g(as) g(Fig.) h
(5) f(\(righ) n(t\).) 44 b(As) 28 b(stated) 2040 1675
y(earlier,) c(this) e(requires) h(algorithms) g(to) f(automatically) i
(decomp) r(ose) 2040 1762 y(and) d(`la) n(y) n(er') g(in) n(teraction) h
(sequences) f(in) n(to) g(those) g(that) g(are) g(b) r(est) g(ad-) 2040
1849 y(dressed) 32 b(in) f(the) g(in) n(terpreter) g(and) g(those) h
(that) f(can) g(b) r(ene\014t) g(from) 2040 1936 y(represen) n(tation)
26 b(and) g(sp) r(ecialization) i(b) n(y) c(the) i(partial) g(ev) l
(aluator.) 2115 2023 y(F) -6 b(or) 23 b(mixed-initiativ) n(e) h(in) n
(teraction,) h(w) n(e) e(ha) n(v) n(e) g(presen) n(ted) g(a) h(pro-)
2040 2111 y(gramming) c(mo) r(del) f(that) g(accommo) r(dates) h(all) g
(p) r(ossibilities) h(of) e(stag-) 2040 2198 y(ing,) 28
b(without) f(explicit) h(en) n(umeration.) 38 b(The) 28
b(mo) r(del) f(mak) n(es) g(a) h(dis-) 2040 2285 y(tinction) f(b) r(et)
n(w) n(een) g(\014xed-initiativ) n(e) f(\(whic) n(h) h(has) g(to) g(b) r
(e) f(explicitly) 2040 2372 y(programmed\)) 33 b(and) f
(mixed-initiativ) n(e) g(\(sp) r(eci\014cations) h(of) h(whic) n(h) 2040
2459 y(can) g(b) r(e) f(compacted) h(for) g(subsequen) n(t) e(partial) i
(ev) l(aluation\).) 58 b(W) -6 b(e) 2040 2547 y(ha) n(v) n(e) 38
b(iden) n(ti\014ed) g(instan) n(tiations) h(of) h(this) e(mo) r(del) h
(in) f(V) -6 b(oiceXML) 2040 2634 y(and) 35 b(slot-\014lling) i(APIs.)
64 b(W) -6 b(e) 36 b(hop) r(e) f(this) h(observ) l(ation) g(will) h
(help) 2040 2721 y(system) 28 b(designers) h(gain) g(additional) g
(insigh) n(t) g(in) n(to) f(v) n(oice) g(applica-) 2040
2808 y(tion) e(design) g(strategies.) 2115 2895 y(It) 17
b(should) g(b) r(e) h(recalled) h(that) e(there) g(are) h(v) l(arious) g
(facets) h(of) f(mixed-) 2040 2982 y(initiativ) n(e) 25
b(that) f(are) g(not) g(addressed) h(in) f(this) g(pap) r(er.) 34
b(Besides) 25 b(sub-) 2040 3070 y(dialog) 30 b(in) n(v) n(o) r
(cations,) h(V) -6 b(oiceXML's) 30 b(design) f(can) g(supp) r(ort) g
(dialogs) 2040 3157 y(suc) n(h) f(as) g(sho) n(wn) g(in) g(Fig.) h(19.)
p Fd 43 w(Cal) t(ler) g(1) p Fh('s) g(request,) f(while) h(demon-) 2040
3244 y(strating) 34 b(initiativ) n(e,) h(implies) f(a) f(dialog) h
(with) f(an) g(optional) h(stage) 2040 3331 y(\(whic) n(h) f(cannot) g
(b) r(e) g(mo) r(deled) h(b) n(y) e(partial) i(ev) l(aluation\).) 57
b(Suc) n(h) 32 b(a) 2040 3418 y(situation) 20 b(has) g(to) g(b) r(e) g
(trapp) r(ed) f(b) n(y) f(the) i(in) n(terpreter,) h(not) e(b) n(y) g
(partial) 2040 3505 y(ev) l(aluation.) p Fd 40 w(Cal) t(ler) 29
b(2) p Fh 27 w(do) r(es) f(sp) r(ecify) g(a) g(staging,) h(but) e(his) g
(staging) 2040 3593 y(p) r(oses) h(constrain) n(ts) f(on) g(the) f
(computer's) h(initiativ) n(e,) h(not) e(his) h(o) n(wn.) 2040
3680 y(Suc) n(h) 32 b(a) h(`meta-dialog') i(facet) e([5]) h(requires) f
(the) f(abilit) n(y) h(to) g(jump) 2040 3767 y(out) 18
b(of) g(the) g(curren) n(t) f(dialog;) 22 b(V) -6 b(oiceXML) 18
b(pro) n(vides) g(man) n(y) f(elemen) n(ts) 2040 3854
y(for) k(describing) h(suc) n(h) e(transitions.) 34 b(Extending) 20
b(our) g(programming) 2040 3941 y(mo) r(del) 26 b(to) g(co) n(v) n(er) g
(these) g(facets) h(is) f(an) g(immediate) g(direction) g(of) h(fu-)
2040 4028 y(ture) e(researc) n(h.) 2115 4116 y(V) -6
b(oiceXML) 17 b(also) i(pro) n(vides) e(certain) g(`impure') h
(features) g(and) f(side-) 2040 4203 y(e\013ects) 24
b(in) f(its) g(programming) h(mo) r(del.) 35 b(F) -6
b(or) 23 b(instance,) h(after) g(select-) 2040 4290 y(ing) 19
b(a) f(size) h(\(sa) n(y) -6 b(,) 20 b(medium\),) f(the) f(caller) i
(could) e(retak) n(e) g(the) g(initiativ) n(e) 2040 4377
y(in) 25 b(a) h(di\013eren) n(t) f(part) g(of) h(the) f(dialog) i(and) e
(select) h(a) g(size) g(again) h(\(this) 2040 4464 y(time,) i(large\).)
43 b(This) 29 b(will) g(cause) f(the) g(new) g(v) l(alue) g(to) g(o) n
(v) n(erride) g(an) n(y) 2040 4552 y(existing) j(v) l(alue) g(in) g
(the) p Fb 30 w(size) p Fh 32 w(slot.) 51 b(In) 30 b(our) h(mo) r(del,)
i(this) e(implies) 2040 4639 y(the) 20 b(dynamic) g(substitution) g(of)
g(an) h(earlier,) h(`ev) l(aluated) f(out,') h(stage) 2040
4726 y(with) g(a) h(functional) g(equiv) l(alen) n(t.) 32
b(Ob) n(viously) -6 b(,) 22 b(the) g(dialog) i(manager) 2040
4813 y(has) 33 b(to) g(main) n(tain) g(some) h(state) f(\(across) h
(partial) g(ev) l(aluations\)) f(to) 2040 4900 y(accomplish) 27
b(this) f(feature) h(or) f(supp) r(ort) g(a) g(notion) g(of) h(desp) r
(ecializa-) 2040 4987 y(tion.) 45 b(This) 30 b(suggests) h(new) e
(directions) h(for) g(researc) n(h) g(in) f(program) 2040
5075 y(transformation.) 2115 5162 y(It) 19 b(is) i(equally) e(p) r
(ossible) j(to) e(presen) n(t) f(the) h(ab) r(o) n(v) n(e) g(feature) g
(of) h(V) -6 b(oice-) 2040 5249 y(XML) 29 b(as) g(a) g(shortcoming) h
(of) f(its) h(implemen) n(tation) f(of) g(mixed) g(ini-) 2040
5336 y(tiativ) n(e.) 41 b(Consider) 28 b(that) f(after) i(selection) g
(of) f(a) g(size,) h(the) e(scop) r(e) i(of) 2040 5423
y(an) n(y) 20 b(future) g(mixing) h(of) g(initiativ) n(e) g(should) f
(b) r(e) g(restricted) h(to) g(the) f(re-) 2040 5510
y(maining) 29 b(slots) g(\(topping) f(and) f(crust\).) 42
b(The) 28 b(seman) n(tics) h(of) f(graph) 2040 5598 y(tra) n(v) n
(ersal) 33 b(presen) n(ted) f(earlier) i(capture) f(this) f(requiremen)
n(t.) 55 b(Suc) n(h) 2040 5685 y(an) 24 b(e\013ect) h(is) f(cum) n(b) r
(ersome) h(to) g(ac) n(hiev) n(e) f(in) g(V) -6 b(oiceXML) 24
b(and) g(w) n(ould) p 90 rotate dyy eop
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12 11 bop 801 159 2280 4 v 799 246 4 88 v Fh 846 220
a(Soft) n(w) n(are) p 1636 246 V 665 w(Supp) r(ort) 24
b(for) p 2344 246 V 334 w(Supp) r(ort) g(for) p 3078
246 V 799 333 V 846 307 a(T) -6 b(ec) n(hnology) p 1636
333 V 460 w(Slot) 25 b(Simpli\014cation) p 2344 333 V
91 w(In) n(teraction) h(Staging) p 3078 333 V 801 336
2280 4 v 799 424 4 88 v 846 398 a(V) -6 b(oiceXML) p
1636 424 V Fe 1960 345 a(p) p 2344 424 V 657 w(p) p 3078
424 V 799 511 V Fh 846 485 a(Slot) 26 b(Filling) h(Systems) p
1636 511 V Fe 1960 432 a(p) p 2344 511 V 2683 485 a(\002) p
3078 511 V 799 598 V Fh 846 572 a(Recognizer-Only) e(APIs) p
1636 598 V Fe 369 w(\002) p 2344 598 V 661 w(\002) p
3078 598 V 801 601 2280 4 v Fg 183 745 a(T) -7 b(able) 28
b(1:) 39 b(Comparison) 29 b(of) h(soft) n(w) n(are) f(tec) n(hnologies)
g(for) h(v) n(oice-based) e(mixed-initiativ) n(e) f(applications.) p
396 854 3090 4 v 394 1291 4 437 v Fh 440 962 a(1) p Fg
71 w(System:) p Fh 58 w(Thank) e(y) n(ou) g(for) i(calling) g(Jo) r
(e's) g(pizza) g(ordering) f(system.) 440 1049 y(2) p
Fg 71 w(System:) p Fh 58 w(What) f(size) i(pizza) f(w) n(ould) g(y) n
(ou) f(lik) n(e?) 440 1136 y(3) p Fg 71 w(Caller) k(1:) p
Fh 31 w(What) c(sizes) i(do) f(y) n(ou) f(ha) n(v) n(e?) 440
1224 y(3) p Fg 71 w(Caller) k(2:) p Fh 31 w(Err..) 35
b(Wh) n(y) 25 b(don't) g(y) n(ou) g(ask) h(me) g(the) f(questions) h
(in) f(topping-crust-size) h(order?) p 3484 1291 V 396
1294 3090 4 v Fg 346 1437 a(Figure) j(19:) 39 b(Other) 30
b(mixed-initiativ) n(e) d(con) n(v) n(ersations) i(that) h(are) f(supp)
r(orted) i(b) n(y) e(V) -7 b(oiceXML.) p Fh -152 1684
a(probably) 19 b(require) f(transitioning) i(to) f(progressiv) n(ely) h
(smaller) g(forms) -152 1771 y(\(with) e(corresp) r(ondingly) h
(restrictiv) n(e) f(form-lev) n(el) g(grammars\).) 33
b(Our) -152 1858 y(mo) r(del) j(pro) n(vides) f(this) g(feature) h
(naturally;) 41 b(after) 36 b(size) g(has) f(b) r(een) -152
1946 y(partially) 27 b(ev) l(aluated) e(`out,') h(the) g(scop) r(e) g
(of) g(future) g(partial) g(ev) l(alua-) -152 2033 y(tions) d(is) g
(automatically) i(restricted) e(to) f(in) n(v) n(olv) n(e) g(only) h
(topping) f(and) -152 2120 y(crust.) -77 2207 y(Our) 17
b(long-term) g(goal) i(is) e(to) h(c) n(haracterize) g(mixed) f
(initiativ) n(e) h(facets,) -152 2294 y(not) 34 b(in) g(terms) g(of) h
(initiativ) n(e,) i(in) n(teraction,) g(or) e(task) f(mo) r(dels) h
(but) -152 2381 y(in) d(terms) f(of) h(the) f(opp) r(ortunities) h(for)
g(staging) h(and) e(the) g(program) -152 2469 y(transformation) 39
b(tec) n(hniques) d(that) h(can) g(supp) r(ort) g(suc) n(h) f(staging.)
-152 2556 y(This) j(means) f(that) g(w) n(e) g(can) g(establish) g(a) h
(taxonom) n(y) e(of) i(mixed-) -152 2643 y(initiativ) n(e) 18
b(facets) g(based) g(on) f(the) g(transformation) h(tec) n(hniques) f
(\(e.g.,) -152 2730 y(partial) 32 b(ev) l(aluation,) g(slicing\)) g
(needed) e(to) h(realize) h(them.) 49 b(Suc) n(h) 29
b(a) -152 2817 y(taxonom) n(y) 21 b(w) n(ould) h(also) g(help) f
(connect) h(the) e(facets) j(to) e(design) h(mo) r(d-) -152
2904 y(els) k(for) g(in) n(teractiv) n(e) f(soft) n(w) n(are) i
(systems.) 35 b(W) -6 b(e) 24 b(also) j(plan) e(to) g(extend) -152
2992 y(our) k(soft) n(w) n(are) i(mo) r(del) f(b) r(ey) n(ond) e
(slot-and-\014ller) i(structures,) g(to) f(in-) -152
3079 y(clude) d(reasoning) h(and) e(exploiting) h(con) n(text.) p
Fi -152 3213 a(5.) 100 b(NO) l(TES) p Fh -77 3321 a(The) 37
b(w) n(ork) h(presen) n(ted) f(in) g(this) g(pap) r(er) g(is) h(supp) r
(orted) f(in) g(part) -152 3408 y(b) n(y) g(US) g(National) i(Science) f
(F) -6 b(oundation) 37 b(gran) n(ts) h(DGE-9553458) -152
3495 y(and) d(I) r(IS-9876167.) 65 b(After) 36 b(this) f(pap) r(er) g
(w) n(as) h(submitted,) i(a) e(new) -152 3582 y(v) n(ersion) j(\(v) n
(ersion) f(2.00\)) i(of) f(the) f(V) -6 b(oiceXML) 38
b(sp) r(eci\014cation) i(w) n(as) -152 3669 y(released) 34
b([12].) 58 b(Our) 33 b(observ) l(ations) g(ab) r(out) g(the) g(instan)
n(tiation) h(of) -152 3757 y(our) 19 b(mo) r(del) g(in) f(the) g(V) -6
b(oiceXML) 19 b(dialog) h(managemen) n(t) f(arc) n(hitecture) -152
3844 y(also) 27 b(apply) f(to) f(the) h(new) g(sp) r(eci\014cation.) p
Fi -152 3978 a(6.) 100 b(REFERENCES) p Fh -113 4074 a([1]) 38
b(J.) 27 b(Allen.) p Fd 26 w(Natur) l(al) h(L) l(anguage) h
(Understanding) p Fh(.) f(Benjamin) 5 4161 y(Cummings,) f(1995.) g
(Second) f(Edition.) -113 4257 y([2]) 38 b(J.) 27 b(Allen,) f(D.) f
(Byron,) h(M.) g(Dzik) n(o) n(vsk) l(a,) g(G.) g(F) -6
b(erguson,) 5 4344 y(L.) 26 b(Galescu,) h(and) f(A.) f(Sten) n(t.) g(T)
-6 b(o) n(w) n(ards) 27 b(Con) n(v) n(ersational) 5 4431
y(Human-Computer) e(In) n(teraction.) p Fd 26 w(AI) i(Magazine) p
Fh(,) g(2001.) g(to) 5 4518 y(app) r(ear.) -113 4614
y([3]) 38 b(J.) 27 b(Allen,) f(C.) g(Guinn,) f(and) h(E.) g(Horvitz.) g
(Mixed-Initiativ) n(e) 5 4701 y(In) n(teraction.) p Fd
26 w(IEEE) h(Intel) t(ligent) h(Systems) p Fh(,) g(V) -6
b(ol.) 5 4788 y(14\(5\):pages) 28 b(14{23,) g(Sep-Oct) c(1999.) -113
4884 y([4]) 38 b(L.) 26 b(Bo) n(y) n(er,) g(P) -6 b(.) 26
b(Danielsen,) h(J.) f(F) -6 b(errans,) 26 b(G.) g(Karam,) 5
4971 y(D.) g(Ladd,) f(B.) i(Lucas,) f(and) f(K.) h(Rehor.) g(V) -6
b(oice) 26 b(eXtensible) 5 5058 y(Markup) f(Language:) 36
b(V) -6 b(oiceXML.) 26 b(T) -6 b(ec) n(hnical) 26 b(rep) r(ort,) 5
5145 y(V) -6 b(oiceXML) 26 b(F) -6 b(orum,) 26 b(Ma) n(y) f(2000.) j(V)
-6 b(ersion) 26 b(1.00.) -113 5241 y([5]) 38 b(H.) 26
b(Brunner,) f(G.) h(Whittemore,) h(K.) e(F) -6 b(errara,) 27
b(and) e(J.) i(Hsu.) 5 5328 y(An) e(Assessmen) n(t) h(of) h(W) -6
b(ritten/In) n(teraction) 25 b(Dialogue) i(for) 5 5415
y(Information) g(Retriev) l(al) e(Applications.) p Fd
27 w(Human-Computer) 5 5502 y(Inter) l(action) p Fh(,) j(V) -6
b(ol.) 26 b(7:pages) h(197{249,) i(1992.) -113 5598 y([6]) 38
b(M.) 26 b(Coulthard.) p Fd 27 w(A) n(n) h(Intr) l(o) l(duction) j(to) e
(Disc) l(ourse) h(A) n(nalysis) p Fh(.) 5 5685 y(Longman,) e(London,) e
(1977.) 2078 1684 y([7]) 39 b(E.) 26 b(Go\013man.) h(Replies) f(and) f
(Resp) r(onses.) p Fd 26 w(L) l(anguage) 30 b(in) 2197
1771 y(So) l(ciety) p Fh(,) d(V) -6 b(ol.) 26 b(5:pages) h(257{313,) i
(1976.) 2078 1867 y([8]) 39 b(S.) 26 b(Haller) g(and) f(S.) h(McRo) n
(y) -6 b(.) p Fd 25 w(Computational) 29 b(Mo) l(dels) f(for) 2197
1954 y(Mixe) l(d) g(Initiative) f(Inter) l(action) i(\(Pap) l(ers) h
(fr) l(om) d(the) h(1997) 2197 2041 y(AAAI) e(Spring) i(Symp) l
(osium\)) p Fh(.) e(T) -6 b(ec) n(hnical) 25 b(Rep) r(ort) g(SS-97-04,)
2197 2128 y(AAAI/MIT) g(Press,) i(1997.) 2078 2224 y([9]) 39
b(N.) 25 b(Jones,) i(C.) g(Gomard,) f(and) g(P) -6 b(.) 26
b(Sestoft.) p Fd 26 w(Partial) 2197 2311 y(Evaluation) i(and) g(A) n
(utomatic) h(Pr) l(o) l(gr) l(am) g(Gener) l(ation) p
Fh(.) 2197 2398 y(Pren) n(tice) d(Hall) g(In) n(ternational,) h(1993.)
2040 2494 y([10]) 39 b(D.) 26 b(Jurafsky) f(and) h(J.) g(Martin.) p
Fd 27 w(Sp) l(e) l(e) l(ch) j(and) f(L) l(anguage) 2197
2581 y(Pr) l(o) l(c) l(essing:) 37 b(A) n(n) 27 b(Intr) l(o) l(duction)
j(to) e(Natur) l(al) g(L) l(anguage) 2197 2668 y(Pr) l(o) l(c) l
(essing,) h(Computational) f(Linguistics,) g(and) g(Sp) l(e) l(e) l(ch)
2197 2755 y(R) l(e) l(c) l(o) l(gnition) p Fh(.) f(Pren) n(tice) f
(Hall,) h(2000.) 2040 2851 y([11]) 39 b(S.) 26 b(Levinson.) p
Fd 25 w(Pr) l(agmatics) p Fh(.) i(Cam) n(bridge) f(Univ) n(ersit) n(y) d
(Press,) 2197 2938 y(1983.) j(Cam) n(bridge) g(T) -6
b(extb) r(o) r(oks) 26 b(in) f(Linguistics.) 2040 3033
y([12]) 39 b(S.) 26 b(McGlashan,) h(D.) f(Burnett,) f(P) -6
b(.) 26 b(Danielsen,) g(J.) h(F) -6 b(errans,) 2197 3120
y(A.) 25 b(Hun) n(t,) g(G.) h(Karam,) h(D.) e(Ladd,) h(B.) g(Lucas,) h
(B.) f(P) n(orter,) 2197 3208 y(K.) f(Rehor,) g(and) g(S.) g(T) -6
b(ryphonas.) 25 b(V) -6 b(oice) 26 b(eXtensible) f(Markup) 2197
3295 y(Language:) 35 b(V) -6 b(oiceXML.) 27 b(T) -6 b(ec) n(hnical) 26
b(rep) r(ort,) g(V) -6 b(oiceXML) 2197 3382 y(F) g(orum,) 26
b(Octob) r(er) f(2001.) j(V) -6 b(ersion) 26 b(2.00.) 2040
3477 y([13]) 39 b(D.) 26 b(No) n(vic) n(k) e(and) i(S.) f(Sutton.) g
(What) h(is) g(Mixed-Initiativ) n(e) 2197 3565 y(In) n(teraction?) 34
b(In) 25 b(S.) h(Haller) g(and) g(S.) f(McRo) n(y) -6
b(,) 26 b(editors,) p Fd 2197 3652 a(Pr) l(o) l(c) l(e) l(dings) j(of) f
(the) g(AAAI) f(Spring) h(Symp) l(osium) g(on) 2197 3739
y(Computational) g(Mo) l(dels) g(for) g(Mixe) l(d) g(Initiative) 2197
3826 y(Inter) l(action) p Fh(,) g(pages) e(114{116.) j(AAAI/MIT) c
(Press,) i(1997.) 2040 3922 y([14]) 39 b(P) n(\023) -36
b(erez-Qui) r(~) -41 b(nones,) 27 b(M.A.) f(and) g(Sib) r(ert,) f(J.L.)
i(A) 2197 4009 y(Collab) r(orativ) n(e) h(Mo) r(del) e(of) h(F) -6
b(eedbac) n(k) 25 b(in) g(Human-Computer) 2197 4096 y(In) n(teraction.)
h(In) p Fd 25 w(Pr) l(o) l(c) l(e) l(e) l(dings) k(of) d(the) h(A) n
(CM) f(Confer) l(enc) l(e) i(on) 2197 4183 y(Human) f(F) -6
b(actors) 29 b(in) e(Computing) h(Systems) h(\(CHI'96\)) p
Fh(,) 2197 4270 y(pages) d(316{323.) j(V) -6 b(ancouv) n(er,) 25
b(BC,) i(Canada,) g(1996.) 2040 4366 y([15]) 39 b(N.) 25
b(Ramakrishnan) h(and) f(S.) h(P) n(erugini.) g(The) g(P) n(artial) 2197
4453 y(Ev) l(aluation) g(Approac) n(h) f(to) h(Information) g(P) n
(ersonalization.) p Fd 2197 4540 a(A) n(CM) h(T) -6 b(r) l(ansactions)
30 b(on) e(Information) f(Systems) p Fh(,) h(August) 2197
4627 y(2001.) f(Comm) n(unicated) g(for) f(publication.) h(Also) f(a) n
(v) l(ailable) g(as) 2197 4714 y(T) -6 b(ec) n(hnical) 26
b(Rep) r(ort) g(cs.IR/0108003,) j(Computing) d(Researc) n(h) 2197
4802 y(Rep) r(ository) g(\(CoRR\)) f(at) p Fb 26 w
(http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/) 2197 4889 y(cs.IR/0108003) p
Fh(.) 2040 4984 y([16]) 39 b(F.) 26 b(v) l(an) f(Harmelen) h(and) f(A.)
h(Bundy) -6 b(.) 24 b(Explanation-Based) 2197 5071 y(Generalisation) k
(=) d(P) n(artial) i(Ev) l(aluation.) p Fd 27 w(A) n(rti\014cial) 2197
5159 y(Intel) t(ligenc) l(e) p Fh(,) f(V) -6 b(ol.) 26
b(36\(3\):pages) i(401{412,) h(1988.) 2040 5254 y([17]) 39
b(M.) 26 b(V) -6 b(eloso,) 27 b(J.) f(Carb) r(onell,) i(A.) d(P) n
(\023) -36 b(erez,) 27 b(D.) f(Borra) t(jo,) 2197 5341
y(E.) g(Fink,) g(and) f(J.) h(Blythe.) g(In) n(tegrating) g(Planning) h
(and) 2197 5428 y(Learning:) 35 b(The) 26 b(PR) n(ODIGY) e(Arc) n
(hitecture.) p Fd 26 w(Journal) k(of) 2197 5516 y(Exp) l(erimental) h
(and) f(The) l(or) l(etic) l(al) h(A) n(rti\014cial) e(Intel) t(ligenc)
l(e) p Fh(,) 2197 5603 y(V) -6 b(ol.) 26 b(7\(1\):pages) h(81{120,) h
(1995.) p 90 rotate dyy eop
%%Trailer
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