Interaction Techniques for Common Tasks in Immersive Virtual Environments: Design, Evaluation, and Application

 The Doctoral Dissertation of Doug A. Bowman

My dissertation research focused on the design, evaluation, and application of VE interaction techniques. Below you will find a brief abstract and links to a PDF version of my thesis. You can download the entire thesis at once (142 pages), or each chapter as a separate file. Please send me email if you find problems with any of these files.


Summary

Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) in three dimensions is not well understood, and there are few 3D applications in common use. Moreover, the complications of 3D interaction are magnified in immersive virtual environment (VE) applications: characteristics such as inaccurate tracking and lack of access to traditional input devices cause the design of user interfaces (UIs) and interaction techniques (ITs) for immersive VEs to be extremely difficult. Despite these difficulties, we maintain that there are complex applications for which immersive VEs are desirable, so special attention needs to be paid to the design and implementation of ITs for these applications.

 A large percentage of interactions that take place in immersive VEs fall into a small number of general categories, which include travel (movement of the user's viewpoint from place to place), selection (indicating virtual objects within the environment), and manipulation (setting the position and/or orientation of virtual objects). Given techniques with good performance characteristics for these three interactions, a large number of complex and effective VE applications could be built. In this research we studied ITs for these three universal tasks in the context of a formal, systematic framework, including the design of novel ITs and empirical, comparative evaluations of techniques.

 This thesis presents several important results of the use of this methodology. First, we have developed new ITs that perform well in a variety of application scenarios. Second, we have designed general testbeds for IT evaluation that may be reused for future performance comparisons. Third, we have obtained a large set of empirical results regarding the performance of ITs. These results led to general principles and guidelines (section 7.1) that can be applied to VE systems to improve performance. Finally, we validated these results by applying them to a real-world VE application, and showing that its usability was measurably improved as a direct result. The results presented in this thesis should be useful and important to anyone developing a VE system with even a moderate amount of interaction complexity.


Download PDF files

Download the entire text (142 pages, 1.9 MB, PDF format)

Front matter (title page, acknowledgments, table of contents, summary)

Chapter 1 - Introduction
This chapter motivates the need for the research, defines key terms, and summarizes the methodology and results.

Chapter 2 - Related Work
This chapter reviews key concepts from diverse fields that are related to this research.

Chapter 3 - Methodology
This chapter introduces the methodology used for the design and evaluation of VE interaction techniques. It is high-level and technical, and may be of interest to researchers.

Chapter 4 - Travel
This chapter discusses the interaction task of travel (movement from place to place in a VE. Five experiments and their results are presented.

Chapter 5 - Selection and Manipulation
This chapter discusses the important tasks of object selection and manipulation in a VE. The design and results of two experiments are presented.

Chapter 6 - Application of Results
This chapter takes the experimental results and uses them to redesign the interaction techniques for a specific VE application. It is shown that this process can increase the subjective usability of the system.

Chapter 7 - Conclusions and Future Work
This chapter summarizes the main contributions of this research. In particular, it discusses in detail a large number of interaction design guidelines that come out of this work, which should be useful to VE developers. Possibilities for future work are also presented.

Other materials (Appendices, References, Vita)


Contact Information:

Doug A. Bowman - Assistant Professor
Virginia Polytechnic & State University
Department of Computer Science
625 McBryde Hall
Blacksburg VA 24061
By E-MAIL : bowman@vt.edu